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Questions and Answers
What percentage of water typically constitutes the body fluids in a 70 kg young man?
What percentage of water typically constitutes the body fluids in a 70 kg young man?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic role of plasma proteins?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic role of plasma proteins?
What is the main principle behind measuring body fluid compartments?
What is the main principle behind measuring body fluid compartments?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for oxygen transportation?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for oxygen transportation?
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How do osmolarity and equilibria act across membranes?
How do osmolarity and equilibria act across membranes?
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What is a common characteristic of the main types of cells found in blood?
What is a common characteristic of the main types of cells found in blood?
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Which fluid is NOT included as a transcellular fluid?
Which fluid is NOT included as a transcellular fluid?
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What is the correct formula to calculate volume (V) in the dilution method?
What is the correct formula to calculate volume (V) in the dilution method?
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Which of the following substances is suitable for measuring plasma volume?
Which of the following substances is suitable for measuring plasma volume?
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In measuring total body water (TBW), which substance would be the most appropriate?
In measuring total body water (TBW), which substance would be the most appropriate?
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Which characteristic must a substance possess to be used for measuring extracellular space (ECS)?
Which characteristic must a substance possess to be used for measuring extracellular space (ECS)?
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When adding 20 red molecules in the example provided, what is the resulting total volume if the concentration measured is 2 red per ml?
When adding 20 red molecules in the example provided, what is the resulting total volume if the concentration measured is 2 red per ml?
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Which of the following is a requirement for a substance used in dilution methods?
Which of the following is a requirement for a substance used in dilution methods?
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What is an example of a substance used for measuring the extracellular space that fits the required criteria?
What is an example of a substance used for measuring the extracellular space that fits the required criteria?
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What percentage of total body weight is represented by plasma space?
What percentage of total body weight is represented by plasma space?
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How many liters of interstitial fluid are present in the extracellular space?
How many liters of interstitial fluid are present in the extracellular space?
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Which body fluid compartment contains the majority of total body water?
Which body fluid compartment contains the majority of total body water?
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What is the estimated total body water (TBW) in liters for an average individual?
What is the estimated total body water (TBW) in liters for an average individual?
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If the blood volume accounts for 8% of body weight, how many liters does it approximately represent in a 70 kg individual?
If the blood volume accounts for 8% of body weight, how many liters does it approximately represent in a 70 kg individual?
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What is the approximate water content of lean tissue expressed in liters per kilogram?
What is the approximate water content of lean tissue expressed in liters per kilogram?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the main body fluid compartments?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main body fluid compartments?
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What volume of blood constitutes the plasma space in relation to total blood volume?
What volume of blood constitutes the plasma space in relation to total blood volume?
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What is the approximate total quantity of plasma proteins per litre?
What is the approximate total quantity of plasma proteins per litre?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for the transport and buffering of pH?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for the transport and buffering of pH?
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What is the approximate concentration of fibrinogen in plasma?
What is the approximate concentration of fibrinogen in plasma?
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Which of the following FUNCTIONS do α, β, and γ globulins primarily serve?
Which of the following FUNCTIONS do α, β, and γ globulins primarily serve?
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What is the osmotic pressure of plasma that influences capillary fluid transport?
What is the osmotic pressure of plasma that influences capillary fluid transport?
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What characterizes the interstitial fluid's protein content compared to plasma?
What characterizes the interstitial fluid's protein content compared to plasma?
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Which of the following best describes anaemia?
Which of the following best describes anaemia?
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Which body fluid compartment does NOT represent a typical measurement in human physiology?
Which body fluid compartment does NOT represent a typical measurement in human physiology?
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What is the primary difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
What is the primary difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
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What is the typical osmolarity of plasma?
What is the typical osmolarity of plasma?
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Which of the following statements best describes isotonic solutions?
Which of the following statements best describes isotonic solutions?
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What factor contributes to crystalloid osmotic pressure?
What factor contributes to crystalloid osmotic pressure?
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How does a 1% difference in osmolarity between extracellular and intracellular fluids affect pressure?
How does a 1% difference in osmolarity between extracellular and intracellular fluids affect pressure?
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Why must intra- and extracellular osmolarity remain equal?
Why must intra- and extracellular osmolarity remain equal?
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Study Notes
Body Fluids
- Total body water (TBW) in a 70 kg young man is approximately 42 L, constituting about 60% of body weight.
- Body fluid compartments include intracellular space (ICS), interstitial space, and plasma.
- Blood volume represents about 8% of body weight, approximately 5.5 L, with plasma volume at about 3.5 L.
- Intracellular space contains around 28 L of water; lean tissue’s water content is approximately 0.71 L/kg.
- Other compartments, known as transcellular fluids, include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synovial fluid, and amniotic fluid, totaling about 150 mL for CSF.
Measurement of Body Fluid Compartments
- The dilution method is used to measure fluid compartments; a known amount of substance is added to an unknown volume, allowing calculation of volume via concentration.
- Plasma volume markers include large molecules like Evans Blue and albumin, while extracellular space (ECS) can be measured using substances like 24Na and sucrose.
Osmolarity and Osmotic Pressure
- Osmolarity is expressed in osmoles per liter (osmolality in osmoles per kg), with plasma osmolarity averaging around 290 mosmol/L.
- A 1% difference in osmolarity between extra- and intracellular fluids could exert significant pressure across the cell membrane, potentially over 50 mmHg.
- Isotonic solutions, such as normal saline (0.9% NaCl), have the same tonicity as plasma, critical for maintaining fluid balance.
Plasma Proteins
- Plasma protein concentration averages around 70 g/L; major constituents include albumin (48 g/L), which regulates oncotic pressure and transports various substances.
- Globulins (α, β, γ) varying between 0.7-13 g/L play roles in haemostasis, immune function, and transport.
- Fibrinogen (3 g/L) is essential for blood clotting.
Introduction to Blood Cells
- Emphasis on understanding the classification and functions of blood cells, including normal red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, along with hemoglobin (Hb) levels.
- "Anaemia" refers to a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells or hemoglobin, impacting oxygen transport.
Learning Outcomes
- Identifying the body fluid compartments and their volumes in adults.
- Explaining the dilution method for measuring fluid compartments and key plasma constituents.
- Understanding osmolarity’s role in fluid movement and its physiological implications.
- Classifying plasma proteins and their functional importance.
Additional Notes
- The textbook for reference includes "Vander's" with optional readings from "Cardiovascular System at a Glance" and other physiology resources.
- Understanding haematopoiesis and blood cell development is crucial for full comprehension of blood physiology.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts about body fluids, including total body water distribution and the various compartments such as intracellular and interstitial spaces. Understand the significance of blood volume and plasma in relation to body weight. Test your knowledge on how these components interact and their importance to overall health.
