Podcast
Questions and Answers
The goal of every organ is to maintain ______.
The goal of every organ is to maintain ______.
homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained despite changes in the external ______.
Homeostasis is maintained despite changes in the external ______.
environment
Successful compensation reestablishes ______.
Successful compensation reestablishes ______.
homeostasis
The three parts of the homeostatic control mechanism are: Receptor, Control Center, and ______.
The three parts of the homeostatic control mechanism are: Receptor, Control Center, and ______.
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Homeostasis relies on ______ feedback loops.
Homeostasis relies on ______ feedback loops.
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The ______ monitors internal conditions and detects changes.
The ______ monitors internal conditions and detects changes.
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The ______ receives and integrates information related to internal conditions.
The ______ receives and integrates information related to internal conditions.
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Failure to maintain homeostasis can lead to ______ or death.
Failure to maintain homeostasis can lead to ______ or death.
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Extracellular fluid (ECF) makes up ______ of the total body water.
Extracellular fluid (ECF) makes up ______ of the total body water.
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Intracellular fluid (ICF) constitutes ______ of the total body water.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) constitutes ______ of the total body water.
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The total body water for a male with a body weight of 70 kg is ______ kg or L.
The total body water for a male with a body weight of 70 kg is ______ kg or L.
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Plasma accounts for ______ L of the extracellular fluid.
Plasma accounts for ______ L of the extracellular fluid.
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Interstitial fluid (ISF) represents ______ L of the extracellular fluid.
Interstitial fluid (ISF) represents ______ L of the extracellular fluid.
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Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a relatively ______ internal environment.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a relatively ______ internal environment.
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The intracellular fluid is conditioned by the ______ fluid.
The intracellular fluid is conditioned by the ______ fluid.
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Physiology is the science of ______.
Physiology is the science of ______.
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Each organ's structure is created in a way that enables proper performance of its ______.
Each organ's structure is created in a way that enables proper performance of its ______.
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The chest cavity is made up of the ______, which protects the heart and lungs.
The chest cavity is made up of the ______, which protects the heart and lungs.
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The basic live organizational structure of the human body is the ______.
The basic live organizational structure of the human body is the ______.
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The smallest part of the body that can perform life's necessary processes is referred to as an ______.
The smallest part of the body that can perform life's necessary processes is referred to as an ______.
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Muscle cells are a type of ______ that provide movement in the body.
Muscle cells are a type of ______ that provide movement in the body.
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Smooth muscles are found in the walls of ______ and internal organs.
Smooth muscles are found in the walls of ______ and internal organs.
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Skeletal muscles are responsible for ______ the body.
Skeletal muscles are responsible for ______ the body.
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Cardiac muscles are specialized for ______ the blood.
Cardiac muscles are specialized for ______ the blood.
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Cells perform chemical reactions that use nutrients and oxygen to provide ______ for the cell.
Cells perform chemical reactions that use nutrients and oxygen to provide ______ for the cell.
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Eliminating CO2 and other waste products is a part of ______ which occurs during metabolism.
Eliminating CO2 and other waste products is a part of ______ which occurs during metabolism.
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The cell membrane acts as an interface between the cytoplasm and the external ______.
The cell membrane acts as an interface between the cytoplasm and the external ______.
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The ______ membrane is essential for maintaining concentration differences between intracellular and extracellular solutions.
The ______ membrane is essential for maintaining concentration differences between intracellular and extracellular solutions.
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Each cell has its special function, for example, white blood cells can ______ foreign materials.
Each cell has its special function, for example, white blood cells can ______ foreign materials.
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The cell membrane is composed of 55% ______, contributing to its structure and function.
The cell membrane is composed of 55% ______, contributing to its structure and function.
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If the cell membrane breaks, the cell ______.
If the cell membrane breaks, the cell ______.
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The thickness of the cell membrane is approximately ______ mm.
The thickness of the cell membrane is approximately ______ mm.
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The cell membrane is permeable to ______ molecules.
The cell membrane is permeable to ______ molecules.
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Simple diffusion occurs whenever there is a ______ difference across the membrane.
Simple diffusion occurs whenever there is a ______ difference across the membrane.
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Facilitated diffusion aids the movement of ______ insoluble substances across the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion aids the movement of ______ insoluble substances across the membrane.
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The primary substances involved in facilitated diffusion include K+, Na+, ______, and glucose.
The primary substances involved in facilitated diffusion include K+, Na+, ______, and glucose.
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The degree of diffusion is mostly determined by the substance's ______ solubility.
The degree of diffusion is mostly determined by the substance's ______ solubility.
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Study Notes
Body Fluids
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Extracellular Fluid (ECF): The fluid environment where cells live (fluid outside the cells)
- Contains: ions, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
- Two components:
- Plasma: Inside the blood cells
- Interstitial Fluid: Around the cells
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Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid contained within all body cells
- Higher level of K+ and less Na+
- Contains protein with a negative charge
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ICF accounts for 2/3 of total body water, ECF accounts for 1/3.
- Total Body Water = 42L (in a 70kg male)
- ICF = 28L
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ECF = 14L
- Plasma: 3.5L
- Interstitial Fluid: 10.5L
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Why is there more water in ICF? (Not elaborated in the text)
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Why is there more water in the interstitial space? (Not elaborated in the text)
Balancing the Internal and External Environment
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Cells exchange nutrients and waste with their surroundings.
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The intracellular fluid is influenced by the interstitial fluid, which is influenced by the plasma. The plasma, in turn, is influenced by the organ systems it passes through.
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Internal environment = fluid surrounding the cells (extracellular fluids)
Homeostasis
- Definition: The maintenance of relatively stable internal environments (extracellular fluids).
- Structural design enables physiological mechanisms to operate effectively, each organ's structure supports its function.
- Example: Rib cage protects the heart and lungs while also contributing to breathing.
Levels of Organization
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1. Chemical: Atoms (smallest part of the body) and molecules (un-living things made up of atoms)
- Examples of atoms: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen
- Examples of molecules: Water, CO2, CHO, Proteins
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2. Cellular: The basic live organizational unit of the human body. The smallest unit that can perform life's processes.
- Examples: Muscle cells, nerve cells
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3. Tissue: A group of similar cells (structure and specialized functions) that work together on a task.
- Examples: Epithelia, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue
- 4. Organs: Made up of different tissues that work together for a common function.
- 5. System Level: Made up of multiple organs that work together.
- 6. Organism Level: Includes all the systems working together.
- The whole body (organism) is made up of 12 systems.
Tissue (Further Explanation)
- Few cells surrounded by a lot of extracellular material: This material supports and secures different body parts and allows for material exchange between the cell and its environment.
Organism and Homeostasis
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Homeostasis: Maintaining a dynamic state of internal consistency.
- The internal environment remains relatively stable despite changes in the external environment.
- Stable does not mean rigid; values can vary within a narrow range (normal physiological range).
- Golden goal of every organ: To maintain homeostasis.
- Homeostasis is essential for survival and function of all cells.
Factors Homeostatically Regulated
- Concentration of nutrients (glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste products)
- Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes
- pH
- Blood volume and pressure
- Body temperature
Homeostasis & Controls
- Successful compensation: Homeostasis established
- Failure to compensate: Pathophysiology, Illness, Death
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Three (3) parts:
- Receptor: Detects changes in the internal environment (stimuli)
- Control Center: Determines the "set-point" (the desired value for the regulated factor)
- Effector: Initiates a response to change the regulated factor back to the set-point.
Regulation of Internal Constancy = Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is NOT a static state: It's dynamic - values fluctuate around a set-point.
- Relies on negative feedback loops:
- Sensor: Monitors internal conditions and detects changes.
- Integrating center (controller): Receives and integrates information.
- Effector: Responds to changes by altering its activity to return the condition to normal levels.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Feedback Control:
- Positive (Amplifies the initial stimulus, usually not homeostatic)
- Negative (Reduces the initial stimulus, usually homeostatic)
Basic Cell Functions
- Obtaining nutrients and oxygen from the environment.
- Performing chemical reactions to provide energy (metabolism).
- Eliminating waste products (CO2).
- Synthesizing cellular components (e.g., protein).
- Controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
- Sensing and responding to changes in the environment.
- Reproduction (except for nerve and muscle cells).
Specialized Cell Functions
- Each cell has a specific function.
- Example: White blood cells phagocytize foreign materials, while red blood cells carry oxygen.
Cell Membrane
- Thin and mechanically weak membrane surrounding each cell (also called the plasma membrane).
- Functions:
- Maintaining cell structure.
- Controlling the movement of substances in and out (selective permeability).
- Regulating cell-cell interactions.
- Acting as an interface between the cytoplasm and the external environment.
Cell Membrane Importance
- Creates a barrier between the ICF and ECF.
- If the cell membrane breaks, the cell dies.
- Creates concentration differences between the intracellular and extracellular solutions.
- For example, there is a higher K+ concentration inside the cell than outside, and a higher Na+ concentration outside the cell than inside.
Cell Membrane Composition
- Protein (55%)
- Phospholipids (25%)
- Cholesterol (13%)
Simple Diffusion
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Permeable to:
- Non-polar molecules (O2)
- Lipid-soluble molecules (steroids)
- Small polar covalent bonds (CO2)
- Water (small size, lack of strong charge)
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The degree of diffusion is determined mostly by lipid solubility.
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Impermeable to:
- Large polar molecules (glucose)
- Charged inorganic ions (Na+)
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Process: Substances move directly through the intermolecular spaces of the membrane (simple diffusion).
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Energy-independent: Does not require cellular energy.
Facilitated diffusion
- Process: The diffusion of lipid-insoluble or water-soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients, aided by membrane proteins.
- Substances: K+, Na+, Ca2+, glucose, amino acids, urea, etc.
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Description
Explore the different types of body fluids, specifically extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), and their roles in cellular environments. This quiz will cover their composition, volume distribution, and significance in maintaining homeostasis. Test your knowledge on how these fluids interact within the human body.
