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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a learning objective of the lecture?
Which of the following is NOT a learning objective of the lecture?
- Summarize how transport can occur across the cell membrane
- Calculate total body water, intracellular and extracellular fluid, and blood volumes (correct)
- Explain the characteristics of cell membranes, including the phospholipid and protein components
- Describe the major ions in the ICF and ECF
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
- Cerebrospinal and synovial fluid
- Intravascular and interstitial fluid
- Blood and lymph fluid
- Intracellular and extracellular fluid (correct)
What are the characteristics of cell membranes?
What are the characteristics of cell membranes?
- Nucleic acid and protein components
- Carbohydrate and nucleic acid components
- Phospholipid and protein components (correct)
- Carbohydrate and lipid components
Which of the following is NOT a feature of carrier-mediated transport?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of carrier-mediated transport?
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What are the three examples of primary active transport mentioned in the text?
What are the three examples of primary active transport mentioned in the text?
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Study Notes
Fluid Compartments
- Two major fluid compartments exist within the body:
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF): fluid within cells
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF): fluid outside cells
- Interstitial Fluid: fluid that surrounds cells, occupying the space between cells and blood vessels.
- Plasma: fluid within blood vessels.
Cell Membranes
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable barriers:
- they control the movement of substances between the intracellular and extracellular environments.
- composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins:
- Phospholipids: form a barrier between the ICF and ECF, with hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails facing inwards.
- Proteins: play crucial roles in transport, cell signaling, and other functions.
Carrier-Mediated Transport
- Carrier-mediated transport: movement facilitated by specialized membrane proteins called carriers.
- Features:
- Specificity: carriers bind to specific molecules.
- Saturation: a limited number of carriers exist, leading to a maximum transport rate when they are fully occupied.
- Competition: different molecules may compete for the same carrier.
- NOT a feature:
- Simple Diffusion: movement of molecules across a membrane without the assistance of a carrier.
- Features:
Primary Active Transport
- Primary active transport: energy derived directly from the breakdown of ATP:
- Examples:
- Sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump: moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell, creating a concentration gradient used for other transport processes.
- Calcium pump: pumps Ca2+ out of the cell, maintaining low intracellular Ca2+ levels.
- Hydrogen pump: pumps H+ ions across membranes, generating a proton gradient used for energy production.
- Examples:
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