BO101 Medical Microbiology: Disease-Causing Micro-organisms
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Questions and Answers

What is MRSA primarily characterized by?

  • Requirement for anaerobic conditions
  • Production of toxins
  • Ability to form spores
  • Resistance to methicillin antibiotics (correct)

Which Clostridium species is commonly associated with a serious gastrointestinal condition after antibiotic treatment?

  • C.perfringens
  • C.tetani
  • C.botulinum
  • C.difficile (correct)

Which characteristic is NOT associated with Clostridium difficile?

  • Heat resistance
  • Motility (correct)
  • Spore formation
  • Anaerobic growth

What is the primary mode of transmission for Vibrio cholerae?

<p>Contaminated water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most potent toxin known, produced by Clostridium botulinum?

<p>Neurotoxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae?

<p>Profuse diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mortality timeframe for untreated cholera infections?

<p>12-24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections are Staphylococcus epidermidis primarily responsible for?

<p>Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Candida albicans is primarily known for causing what type of infections?

<p>Superficial skin infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event is associated with a cholera outbreak leading to significant mortality?

<p>London cholera outbreak in 1854 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a mode of transmission for Salmonella typhi?

<p>Water and food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with typhoid fever caused by S. typhi?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the variability of Salmonella typhi is true?

<p>There are over 2000 antigenic types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence faced by Mary Mallon, known as 'Typhoid Mary'?

<p>She was incarcerated for being a carrier of the disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended to ensure safe consumption of drinks to prevent infections?

<p>Drink only bottled water that you open yourself. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a desired feature of a detection test for disease-causing organisms?

<p>Complex procedures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is essential for immunosensors to detect an antibody-antigen interaction?

<p>An immobilised antibody or fragment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal when testing for disease-causing organisms?

<p>Enhancing test sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major disadvantage of immunosensors compared to other detection methods like HPLC?

<p>They are not quantitative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease detection method is characterized by a 100% sensitivity and 99.7% specificity in the context provided?

<p>Trinity Uni-Gold Recombigen HIV-1 blood test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using immunosensors in environmental monitoring?

<p>They can be reused (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of disease detection is DNA fingerprinting particularly useful?

<p>Genetic diseases including pre-symptomatic testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the relationship between sensitivity and specificity in disease detection methods?

<p>Increasing sensitivity generally decreases specificity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>It is an obligate aerobe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the death rate for active and untreated tuberculosis?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Escherichia coli primarily contribute to public health concerns?

<p>As an indicator of faecal contamination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illnesses can be caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli?

<p>Infantile diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does poor health and crowding play in the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>They contribute to the transmission of the bacterium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>It can undergo sporulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended food safety advice from WHO regarding Escherichia coli?

<p>Do not eat raw vegetables or other raw foods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the global population?

<p>It affects 1.7 billion people annually. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of bacteria cannot be classified as Gram positive?

<p>Escherichia coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus?

<p>It can produce various toxins for survival. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus infections?

<p>Scalded skin syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature and duration is effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus?

<p>65°C for 30 mins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes is considered a fungus?

<p>Candida albicans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus?

<p>Toxin production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Staphylococcus aureus considered a significant pathogen despite its sensitivity to many antibiotics?

<p>It can survive in dried conditions for extended periods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with Gram negative bacteria?

<p>Typhoid fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause infections, especially in hospitals.

Clostridium difficile

A bacteria that is normally found in the human gut but can cause severe diarrhoea, especially in hospital settings. It is resistant to many antibiotics and can be dangerous.

Tetanus

A serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridum Tetani. It affects the nervous system and causes muscle spasms, often leading to a stiff jaw (lockjaw).

Botulism

A rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. It blocks nerve signals and can lead to paralysis.

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Gas Gangrene

A serious condition caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. It produces gas and can destroy tissue, leading to gangrene.

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What are the causes of Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid Fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. This bacterium exists in many different antigenic types. Typhoid fever is typically spread through contaminated water or food.

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What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever?

Symptoms of Typhoid Fever include pink spots on the chest and abdomen, fever, lethargy, and a severe headache.

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What is the role of Salmonella enterica in food poisoning?

Salmonella enterica is a different species of Salmonella bacteria that can cause food poisoning.

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Who is Typhoid Mary?

Typhoid Mary, also known as Mary Mallon, was a cook in New York City in the early 1900s who was a carrier of Salmonella typhi and unknowingly spread the disease. She was naturally immune to typhoid fever but could still spread it.

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What happened to Typhoid Mary after spreading Typhoid?

After being identified as a carrier, Typhoid Mary was first isolated for three years. Upon release, she continued to cook and caused another typhoid outbreak, leading to her confinement for the remaining 23 years of her life.

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Vibrio cholerae

A Gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease. It is commonly found in aquatic environments and can cause rapid dehydration leading to death within 12-24 hours.

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Cholera Symptoms

Cholera is characterized by sudden onset of effortless vomiting and profuse diarrhea, leading to rapid dehydration and potential death.

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Cholera Outbreaks

Cholera outbreaks often occur in areas affected by war, natural disasters, or poor sanitation. They can spread rapidly and cause significant mortality.

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John Snow's Cholera Map

John Snow, a physician in London, created a map in 1854 that identified the Broad Street pump as the source of a deadly cholera outbreak, demonstrating the importance of epidemiological tracing.

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Candida albicans

A common fungus that can cause superficial infections of the skin and nails. It is one of the few fungi known to cause animal diseases.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A Gram-positive bacterium that causes tuberculosis, a serious respiratory infection. It is highly contagious and can affect lungs, bones, and other organs. Though 90% of infections are asymptomatic, active TB has a 50% death rate if untreated.

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Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining technique, indicating a thicker peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.

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Obligate Aerobe

An organism that requires oxygen to survive and grow.

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Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A common Gram-negative bacterium found in the gut of humans and animals. It is often used as an indicator of fecal contamination and is a versatile tool in genetic engineering.

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Commensal

An organism that lives in or on another organism without causing harm to the host.

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Enteroinvasive E. coli

A strain of E. coli that causes severe diarrhea and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa.

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Enteropathogenic E. coli

A strain of E. coli that causes a wasting disease in newborns, often leading to malnutrition.

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What are the main types of disease-causing microbes?

The primary categories of microorganisms responsible for infectious diseases are bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and other pathogens.

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Gram-positive bacteria: What are examples of cocci?

Examples of spherical gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus, such as S. aureus and S. epidermis, and Streptococcus, such as S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes.

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Gram-positive bacteria: What are examples of rods?

Examples of rod-shaped gram-positive bacteria include Clostridium, such as C. difficile, C. perfringens, C. botulinum, and C. tetani, and Bacillus, such as B. cereus and B. anthracis.

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What is Staphylococcus aureus and where is it commonly found?

Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium found on the skin and in the nose of many individuals. It can cause various infections. 'Staphyle' refers to its clustered, grape-like appearance.

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What are some symptoms caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

Staphylococcus aureus infections can manifest in various ways, including skin infections like boils, abscesses, and scalded skin syndrome, as well as more serious systemic infections like toxic shock syndrome.

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How can Staphylococcus aureus be killed?

Exposure to high temperatures, such as 65°C for 30 minutes, effectively kills Staphylococcus aureus. It is also susceptible to many antibiotics.

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Why is Staphylococcus aureus harmful if it can be eliminated easily?

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen because it can persist in the environment, surviving in dried conditions like dust for months. This makes it a persistent threat despite readily available treatments.

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Disease Detection Techniques

Methods used to identify disease-causing organisms in samples like blood or tissue.

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Antigens

Molecules like proteins or sugars on the surface of disease-causing organisms that can be recognized by the immune system.

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DNA (or RNA) Detection

Identifying the genetic material of disease-causing organisms, often used for viruses like HIV.

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Sensitivity in Disease Detection

The ability of a test to detect even small amounts of the disease-causing organism.

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Specificity in Disease Detection

The ability of a test to only detect the target disease-causing organism, avoiding false positive results.

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Immunosensors

Devices that detect disease-causing organisms by identifying the interaction between antibodies (Ab) and antigens (Ag).

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Advantages of Immunosensors

They can be sensitive, accurate, cheap, reusable, and used in situ (on location).

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Disadvantages of Immunosensors

They are usually not quantitative (they only tell you if the organism is present or not), not as sensitive as other methods (like HPLC), and their specificity depends on the antibody used.

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Study Notes

Course Content

  • The course is titled BO101 Medical Microbiology
  • Topics include:
    • Disease-causing micro-organisms
    • Diagnosis, control, and therapy

Topic 1: Disease-Causing Micro-organisms

  • Microbes:
    • Bacteria (Gram +, Gram -)
    • Viruses
    • Yeasts
    • Others
  • Size/Scale: Microscopic, ranging from 1 μm for bacteria to less than 0.03 μm (30 nm) for some viruses
  • Phylogenetic Tree: Illustrates evolutionary relationships among various organisms, including microorganisms
  • Gram + Bacteria Examples:
    • Cocci: Staphylococcus (aureus, epidermis), Streptococcus (pneumoniae, pyogenes)
    • Rods: Clostridium (difficile, perfringens, botulinum, tetani), Bacillus (cereus, anthracis), Mycobacterium (leprae, tuberculosis)
  • Gram - Bacteria Examples:
    • Rods: Escherichia (coli), Salmonella (enterica, typhi), Vibrio (cholerae)
    • Neisseria (meningitidis, gonorrhoeae)
  • Fungi Examples: Candida (albicans)
  • Viruses Examples: Smallpox, Herpes, Influenza, HIV, Prions (e.g., CJD)
  • Other Important Pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB); Clostridium difficile (diarrhea); other Clostridium species.

Topic 2: Diagnosis, Control, and Therapy

  • Infection Detection Methods:
    • Identifying specific antigens (e.g., proteins, glycan chains), DNA, or RNA
    • Immunosensors (Ab-Ag interaction)
    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for amplifying specific DNA sequences.
  • Treatment:
    • Traditional use of antibiotics (naturally derived anti-microbials, chemically modified).
    • Now screening various environments.
    • Delivery methods (e.g., gene gun)
    • Genetic diagnostics and methods for early and comprehensive diagnosis.
  • Prevention:
    • Vaccination – exposure to a pathogen leads to lasting immunity.
    • Recombinant DNA techniques as a new approach.

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Related Documents

Medical Microbiology Past Lectures (BO101) PDF

Description

Explore the realm of disease-causing micro-organisms in this quiz from the BO101 Medical Microbiology course. Learn about various microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as their classifications and examples. Test your knowledge on the microscopic world that affects human health.

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