Blood and Digestive System
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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of blood? (Select all that apply)

  • Transportation (correct)
  • Regulation (correct)
  • Protection (correct)
  • Control
  • Movement

What is the function of blood transportation

  • Transport gases (correct)
  • transport nutrients
  • transport hormones (correct)
  • transport metabolic wastes (correct)
  • transport nerve signals
  • transport energy

What does blood do for regulation? (Select all that apply)

  • Regulate pH (correct)
  • Adjust and maintain body temperature (correct)
  • Maintain water content of cells (correct)
  • Maintain fat concentration

What does blood do for protection? (Select all that apply)

<p>White blood cells protect against disease by phagocytosis (A), Reservoir for substances like water and electrolytes (B), Performs haemostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of plasma?

<p>water (C), proteins (D), nutrients (@), hormones (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What % of blood is plasma?

<p>55% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consists of the buffy coat?

<p>platelets (B), White blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consists of the hematocrit?

<p>red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of blood plasma?

<p>Plasma proteins prevent loss of fluid from blood (A), helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

<p>Albumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical definition of hematocrit?

<p>percentage of only erythrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the regular definition of hematocrit?

<p>percentage of volume of all formed elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

<p>Lack nucleus and cellular organelles (B), biconcave (C), flexible (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

<p>Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body (A), Transport CO2 back to lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cells that platelets are formed from?

<p>Megakaryoblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hemoglobin?

<p>To transport oxygen in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms hemoglobin?

<p>composed of 4 globins, 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, each chain has a heme group that has iron in its center that binds so oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin?

<p>Stimulates red blood cell production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is erythropoiesis?

<p>The process of forming red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that stimulate erythrocyte production? (Select all that apply)

<p>erythropoietin (A), Testosterone (B), High altitudes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood type is the universal recipient?

<p>Type AB+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood type is the universal donor?

<p>Type O- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete Blood type chart

<p>done</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does flag mean in the blood chart?

<p>antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does army mean in the blood chart?

<p>antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when someone receives an incompatible blood transfusion?

<p>Agglutination occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is leukopoiesis?

<p>The formation of white blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombopoiesis?

<p>The production of platelets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a mother that is negative for Rh factor has a baby that is positive with Rh factor?

<p>mother will form anti-Rh antibodies (B), 2nd exposure to Rh blood will result in reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leukocytes?

<p>Defend against pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of leukocytes?

<p>Contain nucleus and organelles (A), do not contain hemoglobin (C), motility and flexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diapedesis?

<p>process of squeezing through blood vessel wall (A), White blood cells can do this (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemotaxis?

<p>The movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 categories of leukocytes?

<p>granulocytes and agranulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of granulocytes?

<p>Neutrophils (A), Eosinophils (B), Basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of agranulocytes?

<p>Monocytes (A), Lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most numerous leukocyte in the blood?

<p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first leukocyte to the site of infection?

<p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leukocyte is present in case of parasite infection?

<p>Eosinophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leukocyte is present in the case of an allergic reaction?

<p>Basophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leukocyte transforms into large phagocytic cells called macrophages that phagocytize bacteria, viruses, and debris?

<p>Monocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leukocyte resides in lymphatic organs and structures?

<p>Lymphocytes (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 categories of lymphocytes?

<p>T-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes, NK Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T-Lymphocytes?

<p>Manage immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B-Lymphocytes?

<p>Become plasma cells produce antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NK cells?

<p>natural killer cells that attack abnormal infected tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest type of leukocyte that takes up residence in tissues?

<p>Monocyte (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemostasis?

<p>A series of reactions designed to stop bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

<p>Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of vitamin K in coagulation?

<p>fat-soluble co-enzyme thats required for the synthesis of clotting factors 2,7,9,10</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances does clotting require?

<p>Calcium, 13 clotting factors, platelets, and vitamin k</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does phase 1 - vascular spasms do for hemostasis?

<p>blood vessel constriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the platelet plug formation do?

<p>damage to endothelium exposes collagen that platelets will now stick to with the help of von willibrand clotting factor forming a platelet plug. Will also release serotonin and ADP, which attract more platelets. Platelet plug is limited to immediate area by prostaglandin 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does coagulation do?

<p>set of reactions where blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel. prothrombin activator is formed which is converted to thrombin. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in hemostasis?

<p>Fibrin mesh (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are factors that prevent undesirable clotting?

<p>Smooth endothelial lining (A), Heparin (B), Prostaglandin 2 (C), Vit E (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are factors that limit clot growth formation? (Select all that apply)

<p>Swift removal of clotting factors (A), Inhibition of activated clotting factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 main functions of the digestive system?

<p>Ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ingestion?

<p>1st step in process of digesting and absorbing nutrients (A), introduction of solid/liquid into oral cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is motility?

<p>voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions, mixing and moving materials through GI tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is secretion?

<p>process of producing and releasing fluid products facilitating digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Digestion?

<p>Mechanical and Chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is absorption?

<p>Transport of digested molecules, electrolytes, Vitamins, and water that move from GI tract to blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is elimination?

<p>expulsion of indigestible components that are not absorbed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis?

<p>To prevent food from entering the trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

<p>The forward movement of food through the GI tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mixing in the digestive system?

<p>Mixing does not move food through the tract, but instead pushes it back and forth to mix digestive juices and hormonal secretions to aid digestion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)

<p>only present in GI tract (A), Sensory neurons that sense stretch of stomach muscles (C), motor neurons control mixing propulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gastrin do in the digestive system?

<p>increase gastric motility and gastric juice secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does secretin do in the digestive system?

<p>stimulates liver and pancreas to secrete bile and bicarbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cholecystokinin do in the digestive system?

<p>stimulates secretion from pancreas and gall bladder to help digest fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does motilin do in the digestive system?

<p>stimulates intestinal movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of saliva? (Select all that apply)

<p>Salivary amylase initiates chemical breakdown of starch (A), Moistens ingested food to help form bolus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does mechanical and chemical digestion first begin?

<p>Oral cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of swallowing?

<p>Voluntary phase (A), Involuntary phase (B), Esophageal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardia of the stomach?

<p>The upper part of the stomach that connects to the esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pylorus of the stomach?

<p>The narrow, terminal region of the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gastric folds of the stomach?

<p>Permanent folds that allow for expansion of the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundus of the stomach?

<p>The dome shaped upper region of the stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the body of the stomach?

<p>Largest part of the stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is amylase?

<p>An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates/starches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lipase?

<p>An enzyme that breaks down fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peptidase?

<p>An enzyme that breaks down proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the surface mucous cell of the gastric pit do?

<p>Secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin that protects stomach epithelial cells from acid preventing ulcers and mechanical/abrasive injuries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mucous neck cell do in the gastric pit?

<p>Secrete acidic fluid containing mucin that helps aid in digestions and protects stomach epithelial cells from acid preventing ulcers and mechanical/abrasive injuries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the chief cell do in the gastric pit?

<p>secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase that help with protein digestion and limited fat digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the G-Cell do in the gastric pit?

<p>secrete gastrin into blood that increase stomach motility and secretions that prepare the stomach for digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gastric mixing in the stomach?

<p>Form of mechanical digestion that changes semi-digested food into chyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gastric emptying in the stomach?

<p>The movement of acidic chyme from the stomach into the duodenum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the stomach?

<p>Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of digestion in the stomach?

<p>Gastric (B), Intestinal (C), Cephalic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the segments of the small intestine?

<p>Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gastrin do in the gastric phase of digestion?

<p>Increases contractions and secretions in the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cholecystokinin in the intestinal phase do?

<p>Secreted in the presence of fatty chyme that decreases force of contraction and secretions in the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the cephalic phase of digestion in the stomach?

<p>The stomach is stimulated to start contractions and secretions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the small intestine?

<p>Absorb nutrients and a large percentage of water, electrolytes, and vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the duodenum do?

<p>Receive chyme from the stomach through pyloric sphincter (A), receive accessory gland secretions from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the jujenum do?

<p>middle region that is the primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ileum do?

<p>distal end terminating at ileocecal valve that continues absorption of digested materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of circular folds in the small intestine?

<p>To increase surface area for absorption (A), Speed bumps to slower movement of chyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the gastrocolic reflex control?

<p>Peristalsis in the colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ileocecal valve?

<p>Control movement of materials into the large intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is triggered by the filling of the rectum with fecal matter?

<p>Defecation reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

<p>Absorption of water and electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of secretin?

<p>Acidic chyme entering the duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gastroileal reflex?

<p>Moves contents into the large intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone slows gastric motility?

<p>Cholecystokinin (CCK) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for absorption?

<p>Vitamin B12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lacteals?

<p>Absorbing lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile?

<p>Emulsifying fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the colon is involved in storing feces?

<p>Rectum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pancreatic lipase?

<p>Breaks down triglycerides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the stomach contains gastric pits?

<p>Mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of secretin?

<p>Acidic chyme entering the duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits the release of stomach secretions?

<p>Secretin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of gastrin?

<p>Stretch of the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What starts the stimulation of contractions and secretions in the stomach?

<p>thought, smell, taste of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do microvilli do on the villi of the small intestine?

<p>Absorbs nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do goblet cells of the villi do in the small intestine?

<p>produce mucin; help lubricate chyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do intestinal glands of the villi do in the small intestine?

<p>secrete intestinal juice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do unicellular glands cells of the villi do in the small intestine?

<p>Secrete hormones; CCK and secretin that stop contractions and secretions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do submucosal gland (brunner's gland) do in the small intestine?

<p>Produce alkaline mucus secretion protecting duodenum from chyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is segmentation in the small intestine?

<p>backward and forward motion that mixes chyme and gland secretions (A), more common in earlier stages of small intestine than peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the gastroileal reflex?

<p>when food enters the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 3 accessory organs that release secretions into the duodenum to help with digestion?

<p>Liver (A), Pancreas (B), Gallbladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organ stores and concentrates bile from the liver?

<p>Gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile?

<p>To emulsify fats during digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

<p>Production of insulin and glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

<p>Produce pancreatic juice to assist with digestion that is secreted directly into the duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biliary apparatus?

<p>A collection of organs that produce and transport bile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the liver for digestion?

<p>Production of bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ligamentum venosum?

<p>A remnant of the umbilical vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the porta hepatis?

<p>Where blood, lymph, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hepatic artery?

<p>Carries oxygenated blood directly from aorta to the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hepatic portal vein?

<p>Carries nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from GI tract to liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hepatic vein?

<p>Empty previously nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood into inferior vena (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hepatocyte?

<p>functional liver cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is in pancreatic juice?

<p>Alkaline fluid, containing mostly water, bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pancreatic amylase do?

<p>Digests starches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pancreatic lipase do?

<p>Breaks down triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do pancreatic nucleases do?

<p>Break down nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do pancreatic proteases do?

<p>Digest proteins when activated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of sections of the large intestine?

<p>Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, anus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the large intestine receives chyme from the small intestine?

<p>Cecum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the large intestine?

<p>Absorb remaining water and electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is resident flora in the large intestine?

<p>Beneficial microorganisms that aid digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motility happens in the large intestine instead of peristalsis?

<p>Mass movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emulsification of fats from bile break them down?

<p>From larger molecules into smaller molecules (A), By increasing their surface area for enzyme action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone from the liver inhibits iron absorption?

<p>Hepcidin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the fat-soluble vitamins that are absorbed in the small intestine along with lipids?

<p>A, D, E, K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the water-soluble vitamins that are absorbed through diffusion and active transport?

<p>Vitamin B and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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