BMED 342 SPRING 2024 Molecular Genetics: Mendel's Pea Shape
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Questions and Answers

What is the molecular explanation for the wrinkled peas in Mendel's experiment?

  • The R allele encodes Stay green enzyme (Sgr), while the r allele does not produce Sgr, causing wrinkled peas.
  • The R allele produces sucrose, while the r allele produces unbranched starch, resulting in wrinkled peas.
  • The R allele produces excess water, while the r allele leads to loss of water, resulting in wrinkled peas.
  • The R allele encodes Starch branching enzyme (Sbe1), while the r allele does not produce Sbe1, leading to sucrose and unbranched starch buildup. (correct)

    • What does the Y allele encode in Mendel's pea experiment?

  • The Y allele encodes Stay green enzyme (Sgr). (correct)
  • The Y allele encodes chlorophyll.
  • The Y allele encodes sucrose.
  • The Y allele encodes Starch branching enzyme (Sbe1).

    • What happens when the r allele is present in Mendel's pea experiment?

  • Excess water enters young seeds, leading to loss of water as seeds mature.
  • Sucrose and unbranched starch build up, leading to wrinkled peas. (correct)
  • Chlorophyll is broken down, resulting in green peas.
  • Ostomotic pressure is impaired, causing wrinkled peas.

    • Which molecular principle states that a specific gene determines a specific protein that may affect the phenotype?

    <p>Central Dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dominant allele according to the general molecular principle?

    <p>Determines a normally functioning protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recessive allele usually do according to the general molecular principle?

    <p>Encodes a non-functioning protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by a recessive allele in humans?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of sickle cell anemia in humans?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease exhibits a vertical pattern of inheritance in pedigrees due to its dominant nature?

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of pedigrees with dominant traits?

    <p>Affected children always have at least one affected parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the risk of inheriting the trait for each child of an affected parent?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes autosomal dominant inheritance from sex-linked recessive inheritance?

    <p>Males and females are equally likely to transmit the trait to their children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following diseases is caused by a dominant allele?

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease's frequency is 1/10,000 and is caused by a dominant allele?

    <p>Osteogenesis imperfecta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease exhibits a high frequency and is caused by a recessive allele?

    <p>Tay-Sachs disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pedigrees with dominant traits?

    <p>Affected children always have at least one affected parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular explanation for the green color of Mendel's peas?

    <p>The y allele encodes the Stay green enzyme (Sgr), which breaks down chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the R allele in determining the shape of Mendel's peas?

    <p>The R allele encodes Starch branching enzyme (Sbe1), leading to the formation of wrinkled peas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not produced when the r allele is present in Mendel's pea experiment?

    <p>Starch branching enzyme (Sbe1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the general molecular principle, what does a dominant allele usually determine?

    <p>A normally functioning protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the y allele is present in Mendel's pea experiment?

    <p>Chlorophyll is not broken down, leading to green peas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's pea experiment, what is the result of sucrose and unbranched starch build up due to the presence of the r allele?

    <p>Wrinkled peas due to sucrose and unbranched starch buildup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of inheriting the trait for each child of an affected parent in autosomal dominant inheritance?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pedigrees with dominant traits?

    <p>Affected children always have at least one affected parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease's frequency is 1/10,000 and is caused by a dominant allele?

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the R allele in determining the shape of Mendel's peas?

    <p>It results in smooth peas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not produced when the r allele is present in Mendel's pea experiment?

    <p>Sucrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the general molecular principle, what does a dominant allele usually determine?

    <p>A specific protein that may affect the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the y allele is present in Mendel's pea experiment?

    <p>It leads to yellow peas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by a recessive allele in humans?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of the total number of gene copies for one allele in a population?

    <p>Allele frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If mutations occur in gamete-producing cells, what is the likelihood that they can be transmitted to offspring?

    <p>1 in 1,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon of a single gene determining several distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics?

    <p>Genetic pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a gene with more than one common allele?

    <p>Polymorphic gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high-frequency allele of a polymorphic gene is often referred to as?

    <p>Common variant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele produces yellow and black pigment in hair according to the text?

    <p>$A$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chance alterations of genetic material that arise spontaneously called?

    <p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the ABO blood types in humans?

    <p>The A and B alleles are codominant, while the i allele is recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of human histocompatibility antigens?

    <p>There are 1200 alleles for each gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ABO blood type genetics from Mendel's pea experiment?

    <p>ABO blood type has multiple alleles while Mendel's peas have only two alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant implication of ABO blood group genetics in terms of blood transfusions?

    <p>Type AB individuals can only receive from type O donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the dominance relations in ABO blood types?

    <p>I A and I B are codominant, while i is dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the HLA genes play in human immunity?

    <p>They facilitate an immune response to foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the number of alleles for each HLA gene?

    <p>HLA genes have 400-to-1200 alleles each</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies relate to ABO blood group genetics?

    <p>Antibodies are produced against type A and type B sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of ABO blood group genetics in terms of blood donors?

    <p>Type O individuals can donate to any other blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the number of alleles in ABO blood types from the HLA genes?

    <p>ABO blood types have only two alleles, while HLA genes have multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

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