BM402: Engineering in Medicine Quiz

A type of biofeedback that teaches self-regulation of brain activity, focusing on improving cognitive functions or managing conditions like ADHD or anxiety.

fMRI data processing and display happen quickly, enabling people to see and change their own brain activity in real time.

A technique to become aware of your own bodily responses that can be used for a multitude of self-regulation exercises.

A system enabling direct brain-to-device communication.

Emotions like fear increase heart rate and breathing whereas happiness reduces them, through hormone and neurotransmitter release.

Recalling happy events activates specific brain regions like the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex.

fMRI data, specifically real-time fMRI, can provide feedback about brain activity to help a person regulate it.

Hormones like adrenaline are released during stressful situations, impacting physiological responses.

A learning technique that uses operant conditioning to control brain activity for cognitive improvement, stress reduction, and better emotional regulation.

A learning method where behavior is modified by consequences (rewards or punishments).

Brain-Computer Interface - technology that detects and interprets brain signals.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging – a brain imaging technique that measures brain activity.

A network of brain regions involved in emotions, decision-making, and social cognition.

Part of an fMRI study where participants evoke happy memories to increase a signal level.

A measurement of brain activity during a neurofeedback session using fMRI.

Neurofeedback can be used in conjunction with techniques such as happy memory evocation to influence emotional states, and fMRI tracks associated brain activity during these processes.

The brainstem controls essential life functions like breathing, heart rate, and consciousness.

Damage to the brainstem can lead to severe motor impairments, respiratory difficulties, swallowing problems, and even coma.

A condition where a person is fully aware but nearly completely paralyzed, unable to communicate except through eye movements.

An X-ray uses radiation to create images of bones and teeth, showing structures like fractures, dislocations, and narrowed joint spaces.

X-rays cannot detect soft tissue injuries, inflammation, or subtle bone damage.

TBI rehabilitation involves two main phases: acute (stabilizing the injury) and rehabilitation (using therapy to regain lost functions).

Engineering tools and technologies help facilitate neuroplasticity and recovery of lost functions in TBI rehabilitation.

The focus of TBI rehabilitation is on addressing motor, respiratory, and swallowing difficulties using various therapeutic approaches.

A type of electromagnetic radiation used to create images of the inside of the body, particularly bones.

X-rays are best at showing dense structures like bones, as well as foreign objects and some lung conditions. They are not good at showing soft tissues or inflammation.

A type of X-ray specifically designed to image the breast tissue, used to detect breast cancer.

Bones are dense due to calcium, which absorbs X-rays more than other tissues. This makes them appear white on the X-ray.

Lungs appear gray on an X-ray because air in the lungs absorbs less X-ray radiation, allowing more to pass through.

X-rays pass through the body and hit a detector, creating a shadow image. Bones appear white because they block more X-rays.

Soft tissues like muscles and organs are less dense than bone, so they appear in shades of gray on an X-ray, making them harder to see.

X-rays are used to diagnose bone fractures, dislocations, and other injuries where bone damage is suspected.

An image taken by a mammogram, showing the breast tissue. Tumors appear as bright, irregular masses, while microcalcifications are small, bright specks.

A technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed, cross-sectional images of the body.

The X-ray tube and detectors rotate around the patient.

Different tissues absorb X-rays at varying degrees.

Detectors capture X-rays passing through the body from multiple angles.

The computer processes data to form cross-sectional images.

The reconstructed images are displayed on a monitor.

Age-related calcium deposits in the brain that are not caused by any disease or pathology.

A CT reconstruction technique that combines Fourier transforms and convolution to create an image from projections. It involves decomposing projections into frequencies, filtering out noise, and then reconstructing the image.

A mathematical tool that converts data from the spatial domain (like an image) into the frequency domain. This allows analysis of data based on its frequency components.

A mathematical operation that combines two functions to create a third function, essentially a weighted average. In FBP, it's used to sharpen edges and reduce noise.

The original representation of data, where information is organized based on its position or location, like a standard image.

A representation of data where information is organized based on its frequency components. This is often used for analyzing and manipulating data.