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Questions and Answers
What mathematical operations form the basis of Filtered Back Projection (FBP)?
What mathematical operations form the basis of Filtered Back Projection (FBP)?
What is the primary goal of applying a Fourier transform in the context of FBP?
What is the primary goal of applying a Fourier transform in the context of FBP?
Normal intracranial calcifications are characterized by which of the following definitions?
Normal intracranial calcifications are characterized by which of the following definitions?
How does the frequency domain representation assist in FBP?
How does the frequency domain representation assist in FBP?
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What type of calcifications does the definition provided in the content specifically exclude?
What type of calcifications does the definition provided in the content specifically exclude?
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What type of injuries are commonly detected by X-rays?
What type of injuries are commonly detected by X-rays?
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What characteristic of bones makes them appear whiter on X-rays?
What characteristic of bones makes them appear whiter on X-rays?
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Which of the following conditions can X-rays help to identify?
Which of the following conditions can X-rays help to identify?
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What type of medical imaging specifically utilizes X-rays to examine the breast?
What type of medical imaging specifically utilizes X-rays to examine the breast?
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How do X-rays interact with air-filled cavities in the body?
How do X-rays interact with air-filled cavities in the body?
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What is one limitation of X-ray imaging?
What is one limitation of X-ray imaging?
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Which of the following best describes the contrast seen in X-ray images?
Which of the following best describes the contrast seen in X-ray images?
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What can X-rays detect in addition to bone fractures?
What can X-rays detect in addition to bone fractures?
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Which physiological response is associated with the release of adrenaline during emotions such as fear or anger?
Which physiological response is associated with the release of adrenaline during emotions such as fear or anger?
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Which brain region is NOT primarily involved in recalling happy events according to neuroimaging studies?
Which brain region is NOT primarily involved in recalling happy events according to neuroimaging studies?
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What is the primary purpose of neurofeedback training?
What is the primary purpose of neurofeedback training?
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In real-time fMRI, what is the critical aspect of how data is presented to the user?
In real-time fMRI, what is the critical aspect of how data is presented to the user?
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Which of the following conditions can neurofeedback help manage?
Which of the following conditions can neurofeedback help manage?
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What distinguishes a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) from neurofeedback?
What distinguishes a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) from neurofeedback?
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Which physiological change is triggered by happiness according to the content?
Which physiological change is triggered by happiness according to the content?
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Which area of the brain is involved in managing fear and stress responses?
Which area of the brain is involved in managing fear and stress responses?
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What is the primary purpose of neurofeedback (NFB)?
What is the primary purpose of neurofeedback (NFB)?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between neurofeedback and BCI technology?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between neurofeedback and BCI technology?
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What neural network is primarily associated with emotional processing and decision-making?
What neural network is primarily associated with emotional processing and decision-making?
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During the 'Happy Memories' condition of fMRI neurofeedback, what were participants instructed to do?
During the 'Happy Memories' condition of fMRI neurofeedback, what were participants instructed to do?
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Which brain region is NOT included in the fronto-temporo-limbic network?
Which brain region is NOT included in the fronto-temporo-limbic network?
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How does neurofeedback aim to improve emotional functioning?
How does neurofeedback aim to improve emotional functioning?
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What aspect of cognitive performance can neurofeedback aim to regulate?
What aspect of cognitive performance can neurofeedback aim to regulate?
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In the context of neurofeedback, the red bar represents what?
In the context of neurofeedback, the red bar represents what?
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What is a primary function of the brainstem that can be impaired due to injury?
What is a primary function of the brainstem that can be impaired due to injury?
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What critical condition may arise from significant brainstem damage?
What critical condition may arise from significant brainstem damage?
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During which phase is immediate medical intervention crucial for a brain injury patient?
During which phase is immediate medical intervention crucial for a brain injury patient?
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Which rehabilitation therapy is introduced in the rehabilitation phase for addressing swallowing difficulties?
Which rehabilitation therapy is introduced in the rehabilitation phase for addressing swallowing difficulties?
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What type of image do X-rays produce when taken of the body?
What type of image do X-rays produce when taken of the body?
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What limitations do X-rays have in diagnosing injuries?
What limitations do X-rays have in diagnosing injuries?
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What intervention is used during the acute phase to assist with breathing?
What intervention is used during the acute phase to assist with breathing?
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What is a common imaging technique to observe fractures or dislocations?
What is a common imaging technique to observe fractures or dislocations?
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What appearance do tumors typically have on imaging?
What appearance do tumors typically have on imaging?
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Which of the following is true about microcalcifications on a mammogram?
Which of the following is true about microcalcifications on a mammogram?
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Which step in CT image formation involves the rotation of the X-ray tube and detectors?
Which step in CT image formation involves the rotation of the X-ray tube and detectors?
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What is the purpose of reconstruction in CT imaging?
What is the purpose of reconstruction in CT imaging?
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How do different tissues in the body affect X-ray absorption during a CT scan?
How do different tissues in the body affect X-ray absorption during a CT scan?
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What algorithm is mentioned for the reconstruction of CT images?
What algorithm is mentioned for the reconstruction of CT images?
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In CT imaging, what is adjusted before the image display?
In CT imaging, what is adjusted before the image display?
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What defines normal intracranial calcifications?
What defines normal intracranial calcifications?
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Study Notes
BM402: Engineering in Medicine
- Course name: BM402: Engineering in Medicine
- Date: 14th November 2024
- Location: M 2170 - South Campus
Neurofeedback
- Type of biofeedback
- Teaches self-regulation of brain activity
- Focuses on enhancing cognitive functions or managing conditions
- Provides real-time feedback about one's mental state
Physiology, Emotions and Brain
- Emotions significantly impact physiological responses, including heart rate and respiratory rate
- Fear, anger, and anxiety increase heart rate and lead to rapid breathing.
- Happiness reduces heart rate and shallows breathing (releases endorphins)
Happiness and fMRI
- Studies found that recalling happy events activate areas like the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex and insula.
- These regions also involved in other core emotions such as sadness and anger.
fMRI - Neurofeedback
- Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) allows for real-time data processing and display.
- The speed of processing keeps up with the rate of image acquisition, enabling real-time neurofeedback.
- This helps a person regulate the fMRI signal of their own brain.
- Neurofeedback provides real-time feedback about brain activity to help individuals learn to control their brain function.
EEG & Neurofeedback (NFB)
- Neurofeedback (NFB) is an operant conditioning technique.
- It helps individuals learn how to control their brain activity to improve cognitive performance, regulate stress levels, emotional functioning and behavior.
Neurofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool
- Neurofeedback is a non-invasive method for promoting neural plasticity.
- It is beneficial for persons recovering from conditions such as but not limited to: stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, ADHD, anxiety, depression, epilepsy.
Memory Training
- Specific neurofeedback protocols can be designed to improve working memory or long-term memory.
- Theta/beta ratio training is an example of a technique proven helpful in conditions such as ADHD, which often coexists with cognitive dysfunction
Attention and Focus
- In conditions like ADHD or after brain injuries, neurofeedback trains the brain to increase attention and focus by impacting brainwave frequencies (e.g. beta waves)
Reading - 15mins
- Article title: An Overview of the Use of Neurofeedback Biofeedback for the Treatment of Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury in Military and Civilian Populations
- Author: Sarah Gray, PsyD
Case Study: Engineering Solutions for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Rehabilitation - Focus on Brainstem Damage Recovery
- TBI is a significant cause of long-term disability, especially when brainstem damage occurs
- Brainstem regulates essential functions like breathing, heart rate, consciousness
- Injuries to this critical area can lead to motor impairments, respiratory issues, and difficulties swallowing
X-ray
- X-ray (radiograph) uses radiation to image the body.
- Areas with high calcium (bones, teeth) block radiation, appearing white in the image.
- Soft tissues allow radiation to pass through, thus appearing gray/black.
- X-ray does not show subtle bone, soft tissue injuries or inflammation.
- Used for detecting fractures, dislocations, misalignments, narrowed joint spaces, bone tumors, foreign objects in the body and pneumonia.
When are medical x-rays used?
- X-ray radiography - detects bone fractures, tumors, pneumonia, injuries, calcifications, foreign objects, or dental problems.
- Mammography - detects and diagnoses breast cancer, showing tumors as masses that are either regular or irregular in shape, brighter than surrounding tissue. Mammograms can also identify small calcium deposits (microcalcifications).
- Computed Tomography (CT) - combines traditional X-ray technology with computer processing; provides detailed, three-dimensional images for viewing structures from different angles.
- CT Image formation process:
- X-ray tube and detectors rotate around patient
- Different tissues absorb X-rays at varying degrees
- Detectors capture X-rays passing through the body from multiple angles
- Computer processes data to reconstruct cross-sectional slices using algorithms
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Description
Test your knowledge on neurofeedback, the interplay between physiology and emotions, and the role of brain imaging in understanding happiness. This quiz covers key concepts discussed in the BM402 course. Challenge yourself and see how much you've learned!
