BM402: Engineering in Medicine Pop Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily measured by EEG?

  • Neurotransmitter levels in synapses
  • Electrical activity at the scalp (correct)
  • Blood flow in brain regions
  • Magnetic fields in the brain

Which of the following components is crucial for making simultaneous EEG-fMRI recordings compatible?

  • Current-limiting resistors (correct)
  • High-frequency amplifiers
  • Magnetic resonance imaging coils
  • Ferrous electrode materials

What does alpha rhythm signify in EEG readings?

  • Intense memory processing
  • Cortical inactivity possibly generated by the thalamus (correct)
  • Brain engagement in problem-solving
  • Cortical activity during high alertness

Which scenario would most likely contribute to artifacts in EEG-fMRI data collection?

<p>Static and time-varying magnetic fields (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an event-related potential (ERP)?

<p>The neural response correlated to a specific event (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an EEG frequency band?

<p>Gamma Ray (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of averaging EEG data for event-related potentials?

<p>To filter out background noise and low-quality trials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may the correction of gradient and cardioballistic artifacts ensure in simultaneous EEG-fMRI?

<p>Improved data quality for analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P300 component primarily reflect in cognitive processing?

<p>Classifying and updating memory representations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is commonly triggered by feelings of fear and anxiety?

<p>Release of adrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding regarding the P300 component in the context of psychiatric disorders?

<p>Amplitude reduction in chronic bipolar patients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain areas are activated during the recall of happy events according to fMRI studies?

<p>Anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and insula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range defines EEG ripples?

<p>80–200 Hz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) from traditional fMRI?

<p>It enables immediate viewing and regulation of brain signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the P300 amplitude change with the demand for cognitive resources?

<p>It increases as cognitive resource demand increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological response is associated with happiness?

<p>Release of endorphins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of neurofeedback training?

<p>To teach self-regulation of brain activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus area of neurofeedback?

<p>Controlling external devices through thought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) primarily differ from neurofeedback?

<p>BCI translates brain signals into commands for devices, whereas neurofeedback does not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tools are commonly used in both neurofeedback and BCIs?

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) and signal processing techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback does neurofeedback provide during training?

<p>Feedback about real-time brain activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of brain activity does neurofeedback aim to enhance?

<p>Self-regulation of mental states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In neurofeedback, how is brain activity typically monitored during training?

<p>Via fMRI to identify involved brain regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic that distinguishes neurofeedback from traditional biofeedback?

<p>Neurofeedback is specifically aimed at regulating brain activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Neurofeedback (NFB)?

<p>To improve cognitive performance and regulate emotional functioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain network is primarily associated with the regulation of emotions during the Happy Memories condition?

<p>Fronto-temporo-limbic network. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fMRI neurofeedback, what action were participants instructed to take during the Happy Memories condition?

<p>Evoking happy autobiographical memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Neurofeedback (NFB) and Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technologies relate?

<p>NFB is an advanced form of BCI with a different application focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance did the activation contrast reveal in the Happy>Count analysis?

<p>Significant BOLD signal changes in the fronto-temporo-limbic network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the visual display used to guide participants during the neurofeedback session?

<p>A word indicating the condition, two color bars, and a numerical target. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the parietal network play during the Count>Happy contrast?

<p>Engaging in spatial awareness and numerical cognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the intent of Neurofeedback compared to BCI?

<p>Neurofeedback focuses on emotional regulation while BCI focuses on communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is NOT part of the fronto-temporo-limbic network involved in emotional processing?

<p>Parietal Cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of EEG frequency band was monitored to measure gamma power during the working memory task?

<p>30–50 Hz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychiatric disorder has been linked to dysregulation of the fronto-temporo-limbic network?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of EEG neurofeedback, what activity was associated with increased gamma power?

<p>Playing video games with visual metaphors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue might participants face with longer neurofeedback treatment protocols?

<p>Burnout and lack of motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 'Happy' versus 'Count' contrast in activation analysis, which network showed significant BOLD signal changes?

<p>Fronto-temporo-limbic network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the time window for EEG recordings relative to stimulus presentation during the working memory task?

<p>-0.25 to 1.75 s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of EEG-NFB delivery was questioned regarding its efficacy?

<p>Increasing the treatment doses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

EEG

Electro-encephalo-gram (EEG) measures electrical patterns on the scalp, reflecting brain activity.

fMRI

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI

Combines EEG and fMRI to record both electrical and blood flow-based brain activity simultaneously.

EEG Artifacts

Unwanted signals interfering with EEG recordings, e.g., from magnetic fields or movement.

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Event-Related Potential (ERP)

Brain response to a specific event, recorded using averaged EEG readings over multiple trials.

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Alpha Rhythm

Brainwave pattern related to cortical inactivity. May be generated by the thalamus.

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Frequency-Based Analysis

Analyzing EEG and fMRI data based on the frequency of brainwaves/signals.

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EEG and Sleep

EEG is used to study brainwave patterns during sleep.

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P300

A positive-going ERP component around 300 milliseconds after a stimulus, related to cognitive processes like classifying and updating memory representations.

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P300 Amplitude

The height or intensity of the P300 wave, increasing with higher cognitive demands and stimulus significance.

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P300 Latency

The time delay between the stimulus presentation and the peak of the P300 wave. Longer latencies indicate slower processing.

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EEG Ripples

Fast brain oscillations in the 80-200 Hz frequency range, linked to various brain processes.

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Stress Hormone Release

Emotions like fear, anger, and anxiety trigger the release of hormones like adrenaline, causing physiological changes.

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Happiness and Brain Regions

Recalling happy events activates brain regions like the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and insula.

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Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI)

fMRI data processing and display happen in real-time, allowing individuals to observe their own brain activity during a task.

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Neurofeedback

Using rtfMRI to provide real-time feedback on brain activity, enabling individuals to learn to control their brain patterns.

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How does Neurofeedback work?

Neurofeedback provides real-time brain activity data to individuals, helping them learn to adjust their mental state based on the feedback.

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Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)

A system enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices, allowing users to control these devices using thought.

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BCI vs. Neurofeedback

BCI focuses on using brain signals to directly control devices, while Neurofeedback aims to train the brain to self-regulate.

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fMRI in Neurofeedback

fMRI can be used to monitor brain activity during Neurofeedback training, identifying brain regions involved in learning self-regulation.

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Tools for Neurofeedback & BCI

Both Neurofeedback and BCI commonly use EEG and signal processing techniques to analyze brain activity.

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Neurofeedback Applications

Neurofeedback is used to improve conditions like ADHD, anxiety, and to enhance cognitive functions such as memory and focus.

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BCI Applications

BCI allows people to control devices with their thoughts, enabling use of prosthetics, computers, and other assistive technologies.

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Neurofeedback (NFB)

A technique where people learn to control their brain activity through feedback, often using EEG, to improve cognitive functions, stress management, emotions, and behavior.

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Operant Conditioning in NFB

Learners receive feedback on their brainwaves and are rewarded (or punished) for changes in their brain activity.

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NFB Goal

To improve cognitive performance, reduce stress levels, regulate emotions, and modify behavior.

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Happiness and fMRI

Using fMRI to study brain activity while individuals experience happiness, often by recalling happy memories.

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Happy Memories fMRI Task

Participants are instructed to evoke happy memories, aiming to increase a specific brain activity level displayed as a red bar on a screen.

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Fronto-temporo-limbic network

Brain regions involved in regulating emotions, decision-making, and social interaction.

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BOLD Signal

A measure of blood flow changes used in fMRI to infer brain activity.

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Activation Network for Happy Memories

A network of brain regions that show increased activity during happiness compared to a neutral task.

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Dysregulation of the Fronto-Temporo-Limbic Network

When the activity of the fronto-temporo-limbic network is disrupted, which can lead to various psychiatric disorders.

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What is the EEG-NFB task?

The task involves a choice of visual metaphors (games) where success is related to increasing gamma power. Examples of games include flying a plane, riding a roller-coaster, or nature scenes.

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Gamma Power in EEG-NFB

The strength of brainwaves in the gamma frequency band (30-50Hz), particularly at frontal locations (F3, F4, Fz), is measured during the task and used for neurofeedback.

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How is EEG data analyzed in EEG-NFB?

EEG data is epoched from -0.25 to 1.75 seconds relative to the presentation of the stimuli, and then average EEG power in the gamma frequency band is calculated in specific frontal locations.

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What are the open questions about EEG-NFB?

Researchers want to know if higher treatment doses lead to greater gains, if long-term protocols cause boredom or burnout, and how the effectiveness of the treatment changes with different time periods.

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What is the aim of EEG-NFB treatment?

EEG-NFB aims to improve brain activity patterns by training individuals to self-regulate their gamma brainwave power through visual metaphors and real-time feedback.

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How successful is EEG-NFB?

The effectiveness of EEG-NFB is still being investigated, with researchers exploring different parameters like dosage, duration, and long-term effects to optimize its impact.

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Study Notes

BM402: Engineering in Medicine - Pop Quiz

  • Date: October 31, 2024
  • Time: 1:10 PM - 1:40 PM
  • Location: M 2170, South Campus
  • Format: Pop quiz
  • Duration: Approximately 30 minutes
  • Break: 15 minutes

Topics for Study

  • MRI
    • Functional MRI
    • Applications of MRI and fMRI
  • EEG
    • EEG Basics
    • Electrical
    • EEG cap
    • Amplifier
    • Processing
    • Brainwaves (e.g., Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma)
    • Associated rhythms and frequency bands
  • Challenges of EEG-fMRI
  • Literature
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs)
    • What is an ERP?
    • How to record ERPs?
    • Later ERP waves
      • use in indexing endogenous cognitive activity
      • example: P300 in cognitive processes
  • Event-related potential changes in psychiatric disorders (P300)
    • Latency prolongation and amplitude reduction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
  • Caffeine effect on P300
    • Acute effect of caffeine on repeatedly measured P300
    • Key word: Caffeine, event-related brain potential (ERP), repeated measurement, P300, oddball
    • findings on amplitude and latency for placebo/caffeine condition
  • High Frequency EEG
    • EEG ripples (80 - 200 Hz) and their association with cognitive activity.
  • Physiology, emotions and brain
    • Effects of emotions on heart rate and respiratory rate
    • Examples: Fear (adrenaline release, increased HR), happiness (endorphin release, decreased HR)
  • Happiness and fMRI
    • fMRI studies on recalling happiness
    • Brain areas associated with happiness (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, insula)
  • Simultaneous EEG-fMRI
    • Artifacts (gradient and cardioballistic) in simultaneous EEG-fMRI
    • Technological challenges in creating compatibility
    • Key areas analyzed: electrode cap, connector box, current-limiting resistors, battery power pack, 32 channel EEG amplifier/digitizer
  • fMRI-Neurofeedback
    • Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) processing
    • Providing real-time feedback to regulate brain activity

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BM402: Engineering In Medicine Pop Quiz PDF

Description

Prepare for the BM402 pop quiz covering essential topics in medical engineering. This quiz will include questions on MRI, EEG, event-related potentials, and their applications in neuroscience and psychology. Stay sharp as you review challenges, wave patterns, and the impact of caffeine on cognitive performance.

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