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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
What percentage of blood is made up of white blood cells and platelets?
What percentage of blood is made up of white blood cells and platelets?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which major plasma protein is primarily responsible for transporting signaling molecules?
Which major plasma protein is primarily responsible for transporting signaling molecules?
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What component of blood accounts for the majority volume?
What component of blood accounts for the majority volume?
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Which type of stain is used for identifying the characteristics of blood cells in a smear?
Which type of stain is used for identifying the characteristics of blood cells in a smear?
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What is the average volume of blood in an adult human body?
What is the average volume of blood in an adult human body?
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How do red blood cells appear in a stained blood smear?
How do red blood cells appear in a stained blood smear?
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What is the lifespan of neutrophils?
What is the lifespan of neutrophils?
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Which type of granules in neutrophils is more abundant?
Which type of granules in neutrophils is more abundant?
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What is the primary function of eosinophils?
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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What type of nucleus do eosinophils possess?
What type of nucleus do eosinophils possess?
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Which statement about basophils is correct?
Which statement about basophils is correct?
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What is the appearance of neutrophil granules under an electron microscope (E/M)?
What is the appearance of neutrophil granules under an electron microscope (E/M)?
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Which type of dye is used to stain eosinophil granules?
Which type of dye is used to stain eosinophil granules?
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What advantage do neutrophils have in anaerobic environments?
What advantage do neutrophils have in anaerobic environments?
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What is one key structural feature of red blood cells that increases their efficiency in oxygen absorption?
What is one key structural feature of red blood cells that increases their efficiency in oxygen absorption?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin?
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Which type of anemia is caused by insufficient iron intake?
Which type of anemia is caused by insufficient iron intake?
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What is the normal range of leukocytes in human blood?
What is the normal range of leukocytes in human blood?
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Which blood component is primarily involved in the transportation of oxygen?
Which blood component is primarily involved in the transportation of oxygen?
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What structural characteristic allows red blood cells to pass through the narrowest blood capillaries?
What structural characteristic allows red blood cells to pass through the narrowest blood capillaries?
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Sickle cell anemia results from a disorder in which specific chain of hemoglobin?
Sickle cell anemia results from a disorder in which specific chain of hemoglobin?
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Granulocytes possess certain types of granules that give them their name. What are these granules primarily involved in?
Granulocytes possess certain types of granules that give them their name. What are these granules primarily involved in?
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What is a characteristic feature of basophils' specific granules?
What is a characteristic feature of basophils' specific granules?
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What happens to basophils when they are stained with toluidine blue?
What happens to basophils when they are stained with toluidine blue?
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Which statement accurately describes monocytes?
Which statement accurately describes monocytes?
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What is the typical lifespan of a monocyte?
What is the typical lifespan of a monocyte?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of basophils?
Which of the following is NOT a function of basophils?
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What distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?
What distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?
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Which characteristic is true regarding lymphocytes?
Which characteristic is true regarding lymphocytes?
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How does the chromatin of monocytes contrast with that of lymphocytes?
How does the chromatin of monocytes contrast with that of lymphocytes?
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What characterizes neutropenia?
What characterizes neutropenia?
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Which component is primarily responsible for the formation of pus during inflammation?
Which component is primarily responsible for the formation of pus during inflammation?
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What is the main role of eosinophils in immune response?
What is the main role of eosinophils in immune response?
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Which enzyme released by eosinophils is responsible for breaking down histamine?
Which enzyme released by eosinophils is responsible for breaking down histamine?
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Which statement about basophils is accurate?
Which statement about basophils is accurate?
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What is a significant function of eosinophils during an allergic reaction?
What is a significant function of eosinophils during an allergic reaction?
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Which of the following features is typically associated with eosinophils?
Which of the following features is typically associated with eosinophils?
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What process do eosinophils utilize to attack parasitic worms?
What process do eosinophils utilize to attack parasitic worms?
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Which component is contained within alpha granules?
Which component is contained within alpha granules?
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What is the primary function of Delta granules in platelets?
What is the primary function of Delta granules in platelets?
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Which process describes the formation of a platelet plug after a vascular injury?
Which process describes the formation of a platelet plug after a vascular injury?
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What initiates the clot retraction process?
What initiates the clot retraction process?
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How is the clot removed from the bloodstream?
How is the clot removed from the bloodstream?
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Which condition is characterized by reduced platelet numbers and spontaneous small vessel bleeding?
Which condition is characterized by reduced platelet numbers and spontaneous small vessel bleeding?
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What is the primary defect in Von Willebrand disease?
What is the primary defect in Von Willebrand disease?
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Which drug interferes with platelet function by inhibiting thromboxane production?
Which drug interferes with platelet function by inhibiting thromboxane production?
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What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
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Which component accounts for approximately 95% of the dry weight of a red blood cell?
Which component accounts for approximately 95% of the dry weight of a red blood cell?
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Which type of hemoglobin is primarily found in adults?
Which type of hemoglobin is primarily found in adults?
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What is the key structural feature of red blood cells that enhances their gas transportation efficiency?
What is the key structural feature of red blood cells that enhances their gas transportation efficiency?
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What pigment, attached to hemoglobin, is crucial for oxygen binding?
What pigment, attached to hemoglobin, is crucial for oxygen binding?
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Which of the following components is primarily responsible for the flexibility of red blood cells?
Which of the following components is primarily responsible for the flexibility of red blood cells?
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How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule transport?
How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule transport?
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What is the diameter of a red blood cell?
What is the diameter of a red blood cell?
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What is a primary function of basophils?
What is a primary function of basophils?
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What is the shape of monocyte nuclei commonly likened to?
What is the shape of monocyte nuclei commonly likened to?
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Which granule is NOT found in basophils?
Which granule is NOT found in basophils?
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What is the lifespan range of monocytes?
What is the lifespan range of monocytes?
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What is metachromasia in the context of basophils?
What is metachromasia in the context of basophils?
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What is the approximate percentage of monocytes in the circulating leukocyte population?
What is the approximate percentage of monocytes in the circulating leukocyte population?
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Which function is associated with the release of eosinophilic chemotactic factor by basophils?
Which function is associated with the release of eosinophilic chemotactic factor by basophils?
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What is the appearance of neutrophil specific granules under a light microscope?
What is the appearance of neutrophil specific granules under a light microscope?
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What is a primary role of eosinophils in the immune response?
What is a primary role of eosinophils in the immune response?
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Which type of granules in neutrophils contain hydrolytic enzymes?
Which type of granules in neutrophils contain hydrolytic enzymes?
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How long do neutrophils typically live in the connective tissue?
How long do neutrophils typically live in the connective tissue?
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Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at which type of sites?
Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at which type of sites?
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What kind of dyes can be used to stain eosinophil granules?
What kind of dyes can be used to stain eosinophil granules?
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What percentage of circulating small lymphocytes do B-lymphocytes constitute?
What percentage of circulating small lymphocytes do B-lymphocytes constitute?
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What is the main function of macrophages derived from monocytes?
What is the main function of macrophages derived from monocytes?
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What triggers the transformation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells?
What triggers the transformation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells?
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Which type of small lymphocytes primarily contributes to humoral immunity?
Which type of small lymphocytes primarily contributes to humoral immunity?
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What size range are medium-sized lymphocytes typically classified as?
What size range are medium-sized lymphocytes typically classified as?
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What features are prominently observed in the cytoplasm of a monocyte?
What features are prominently observed in the cytoplasm of a monocyte?
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What key factor stimulates monocytes to perform their functions?
What key factor stimulates monocytes to perform their functions?
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What is a characteristic of multinuclear giant cells formed from macrophages?
What is a characteristic of multinuclear giant cells formed from macrophages?
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What characteristic of red blood cells allows them to contain more hemoglobin?
What characteristic of red blood cells allows them to contain more hemoglobin?
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Which type of anemia is primarily caused by blood loss?
Which type of anemia is primarily caused by blood loss?
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What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in the circulatory system?
What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in the circulatory system?
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What condition is associated with an increased number of red blood cells?
What condition is associated with an increased number of red blood cells?
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Which type of white blood cell is characterized by polymorphic nuclei?
Which type of white blood cell is characterized by polymorphic nuclei?
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Which of the following conditions is related to a deficiency in hemoglobin synthesis?
Which of the following conditions is related to a deficiency in hemoglobin synthesis?
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Which measurement is NOT typically included in a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
Which measurement is NOT typically included in a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
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What do delta granules in platelets primarily contain?
What do delta granules in platelets primarily contain?
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Which component is essential for the initial platelet aggregation at a site of vascular injury?
Which component is essential for the initial platelet aggregation at a site of vascular injury?
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What triggers the clot retraction process in a formed clot?
What triggers the clot retraction process in a formed clot?
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Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of thrombocytopenia?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of thrombocytopenia?
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What is the primary role of alpha granules in platelets?
What is the primary role of alpha granules in platelets?
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What is the role of plasmin in the context of clot removal?
What is the role of plasmin in the context of clot removal?
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Which of the following conditions results from defects in von Willebrand factor?
Which of the following conditions results from defects in von Willebrand factor?
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What mechanism do drugs like aspirin utilize to impair platelet function?
What mechanism do drugs like aspirin utilize to impair platelet function?
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Study Notes
Intended Learning Objectives (ILOs)
- Define blood
- List major plasma proteins and formed elements
- Describe RBC morphology and structure
- Describe hemoglobin structure
- Classify white blood cells (WBCs) generally
- Describe different WBC types' morphology and structure
- Describe platelets' origin, morphology, and structure
- Detail life span and fate of blood cells
- List main blood cell functions
Blood Composition
- Blood is a specialized connective tissue with cells and fluid plasma.
- Plasma (55%): mostly water, also contains plasma proteins, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, hormones, and electrolytes.
- White blood cells and platelets (4%): crucial for immune function and clotting.
- Red blood cells (41%): carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Blood Functions
- Transports nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to cells and carries waste products for elimination.
- Carries hormones, electrolytes, and signaling molecules.
- Carries oxygen (bound to hemoglobin) and carbon dioxide.
- Regulates body temperature and maintains osmotic and acid-base balance.
- Provides a pathway for WBC migration between tissues.
- Facilitates coagulation (clotting), mediated by platelets.
Plasma
- Plasma is an aqueous solution with a pH of 7.4.
- Primarily composed of 93% water and 7% low and high molecular weight substances.
- Major plasma proteins include albumin (maintains osmotic pressure), and globulins (produced by the liver and other cells).
- Staining techniques (Giemsa, Wright, Leishman) are used to examine blood components.
Blood Cell Staining
- Blood smears are prepared by spreading a thin layer of blood on a slide.
- Erythrocytes appear yellow or pale red in color, with their rims appearing darker than the center.
- Stains, like Giemsa's, stain DNA and RNA blue-grey/violet, hemoglobin orange-red, and lysosomal enzymes red-purple.
Blood Cell Types
-
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Larger, colorless cells essential for immune defense. Classified into granulocytes (with granules) and agranulocytes (without granules).
-
Granulocytes: Neutrophils (phagocytic, most common), eosinophils (allergic reactions), basophils (inflammatory reaction).
- Granulocytes have distinctive nuclei with multiple lobes.
- Features like Golgi complexes, rough ER (poorly developed), and few mitochondria.
- Subdivided into 3 types.
-
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes (immune response, most common type) and monocytes (phagocytic).
- No granules.
- Nucleus is smooth or indented (not lobulated).
-
Granulocytes: Neutrophils (phagocytic, most common), eosinophils (allergic reactions), basophils (inflammatory reaction).
Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs)
- Average count: Males (4.1-6 million/µL), Females (3.9-5.5 million/µL)
- Life span: 100-120 days
- Hemoglobin is the primary protein, carrying 97% oxygen and 7-10% CO2 (oxyhemoglobin/carbamoglobin).
RBC Membrane
- Typical lipid bilayer with proteins (glycophorin—most abundant, ion channels, transport proteins).
- Supported by a cytoskeleton (actin and spectrin) for flexibility.
Hemoglobin Structure
- Oxygen-carrying protein.
- Tetramer (2 alpha and 2 beta chains, each with a heme group).
- Heme group contains iron, allowing oxygen binding.
Blood Grouping
- Cell surface carbohydrates determine blood types (A, B, AB, O).
- Rh antigen is also important (positive or negative).
Function of RBCs
- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body.
Erythrocytes adapting for function
- Biconcave Shape: increases surface area for efficient gas exchange.
- Thin membrane: allows for rapid gas diffusion.
- Lack of nucleus and organelles: maximizes space for hemoglobin.
- Cytoskeleton and Membrane Structure: permits the passage through the narrowest blood capillaries
Clinical Point
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): measures different blood components.
- Anemia (low RBC count/hemoglobin): results from blood loss, deficiency, or destruction.
- Polycythemia (high RBC count): a condition with increased RBCs.
- Sickle cell anemia: affects RBC shape and function due to hemoglobin abnormalities.
Platelets
- Normal count: 150,000-400,000/µL of blood
- Life span: 7-9 days
- Formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
- Function in blood clotting /hemostasis.
- Activation of platelets to stop bleeding.
- Essential role in coagulation /thrombus formation
Megakaryocytes
- Large cells in bone marrow.
- Generate platelets by releasing proplatelets.
Clinical Notes
- Thrombocytopenia: reduced platelet count, associated with bleeding.
- Von Willebrand Disease: a hereditary disorder affecting blood clotting due to defective von Willebrand factor (vWF)
Leukocytes
- White blood cells.
- Involved in immune response.
- Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential components and functions of blood. It covers the types of blood cells, their structures, and the roles they play in the body. Perfect for those studying the circulatory system in biology.
