Blood Vessels and Fluid Compartments Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

To regulate blood pressure through vessel constriction

To exchange fluids from the interstitial space into the intravascular fluid (correct)

To transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues

To filter waste products from the blood

Which of the following is NOT a type of capillary?

Continuous capillaries

Discontinuous capillaries

Muscular capillaries (correct)

Fenestrated capillaries

What is the function of the capillary wall in fluid exchange?

To prevent fluid exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid

To facilitate fluid exchange through pores and fenestrations (correct)

To filter waste products from the blood

To regulate blood pressure through vessel constriction

Which type of capillary is found in the glomerulus of the kidneys?

Fenestrated capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

To regulate blood pressure through vessel constriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid compartment outside the cell?

Extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of venules in the circulatory system?

To return deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary is found in the bone marrow and spleen?

Discontinuous capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What type of pressure is exerted at the arterial end of a capillary?

Hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oncotic pressure in capillaries?

To pull fluid into the capillary Signup and view all the answers

What is the reflection coefficient (σ) a measure of?

Capillary permeability Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the force exerted by oncotic pressure in a capillary?

Inward, into the capillary Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the opposing forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in a capillary?

Equilibrium of fluid exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration of protein in plasma compared to interstitial fluid?

Higher in plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the exchange of fluids between the capillary and interstitial space?

Capillary-interstitial fluid exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure exerted by the plasma proteins in a capillary?

Oncotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining internal equilibrium?

To remove waste products and excess substances from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the extracellular fluid?

To provide a homogenous environment for the cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal hydrostatic pressure of lung and liver capillaries?

8 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

A state of complete physical, social, and mental wellbeing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that describes the maintenance of a constant internal environment?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for normal physiological functions, manual and mental work, and healthy psychosocial interactions?

Equilibrium among intake, storage, and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What system controls the metabolic processes to maintain internal equilibrium?

Endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the autonomic adjustment in homoeostatic mechanisms?

To maintain a constant internal environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the blood and circulatory systems in maintaining homeostasis?

To distribute heat and nourishment efficiently Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of making all the necessary adjustments to maintain internal equilibrium?

The person leads a productive life Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of disturbances in the extracellular fluid?

Impaired cellular function and disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state of physical and mental wellbeing?

Health Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus capillary?

70 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the lymphatic drainage system in maintaining homeostasis?

To remove waste products of metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of fluid movement at the arterial end of a capillary?

Outwards (filtration) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is retained by the capillary wall and contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure?

Plasma proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of water and small water-soluble molecules through capillaries in the body?

60L/min Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pressure exerted by the plasma proteins in the capillary?

Oncotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of transport for substances with a molecular weight less than 7000?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of fluid and substances across the capillary wall?

Fluid exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of transport for large molecules?

Vesicular transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary?

Starling's forces Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Vessels and Capillaries

Heart → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Heart
Capillaries are the only site where fluids from interstitial space enter the intravascular fluid

Fluid Compartments

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is divided into:
- Blood Plasma
- Interstitial Fluid
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is also known as Cytoplasm

Fluid Exchange between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

Water and dissolved substances exchanged through capillary wall
Depends on the type of capillary

Types of Capillaries

Continuous Capillaries:
- Uninterrupted membrane with pores of 4-5 nm
- Found in muscles, adipose tissues, and pulmonary circulation
Fenestrated Capillaries:
- Fenestrated membrane with fenestration about 0.1 micrometer
- Found in glomerulus of the kidneys and intestinal epithelium
Discontinuous Capillaries (Sinusoids):
- Discontinuous membrane interrupted by intercellular space
- Found in bone marrow and spleen
Blood Barriers:
- Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
- Blood-Testicular Barrier (BTB)

Movement of Fluid and Substances across Capillary Wall

Three mechanisms:
- Diffusion
- Vesicular Transport
- Bulk Flow (Filtration/Reabsorption)

Diffusion

Water, small molecules, and ions move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
More effective with greater capillary density in the tissue
Substances with molecular weight less than 7000 cross freely
Plasma proteins create an osmotic gradient, the colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure (OP)

Vesicular Transport

Associated with the movement of solutes (electrolytes)

Bulk Flow

Starling's forces:
- Hydrostatic Pressure (HP) in the capillary
- Colloid Osmotic Pressure (OP) of plasma proteins
At arterial end of capillary, HP exceeds OP, and net filtration takes place
At venous end of capillary, OP exceeds HP, and net reabsorption takes place

Oncotic Pressure

OP is higher in plasma than in interstitial fluid due to higher protein concentration
OP directs fluid inwards (reabsorption)

Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Exchanges

Hydrostatic and osmotic (oncotic) pressures create opposing inward and outward forces on the capillary

Exchange across Capillaries

Hydrostatic pressure at the atrial end depends on:
- Type of tissue
- Activity of the tissue
- Vasomotor activity of the tissue
Examples of hydrostatic pressure:
- Glomerulus capillary: 70 mmHg
- Lung and liver capillaries: 8 mmHg
- Human finger capillary: 32 mmHg

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Test your knowledge on blood vessels, capillaries, and fluid exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid in the human body.