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Questions and Answers
Which type of blood vessel carries blood AWAY FROM THE HEART?
What is the main function of capillaries?
What is a distinctive feature of veins compared to arteries?
What is the structural difference between arteries and veins regarding lumen size?
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Why do veins have thinner walls compared to arteries?
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What is a distinguishing feature of arteries compared to veins?
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What is the main function of endothelium in the heart and blood vessels?
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What happens with aging in relation to endothelium?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the endothelium?
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What is the role of nitric oxide released by the endothelium?
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Which of the following chemicals released by the endothelium is a vasoconstrictor?
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What is the primary purpose of the endothelium acting as a permeability barrier?
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What is the primary purpose of growth factors produced by cells in the ECM?
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Which vessels have a higher pressure in systemic circulation compared to pulmonary circulation?
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What is the main reason for the higher pressure in systemic circulation compared to pulmonary circulation?
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Why do elastic arteries contain more elastin compared to muscular arteries?
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How do sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons affect blood vessels?
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What is one of the primary functions of vasa vasorum in arteries?
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What is the role of compliance in blood vessels?
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Which artery carries 25% of cardiac output and has a significant effect when its diameter is altered?
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What is the primary reason that arteries are called pressure reservoirs?
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Which blood pressure reading signifies the arterial pressure during ventricular contraction and ejection?
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What is the function of muscular arteries in the body?
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Why do arteries have a larger role in blood pressure regulation compared to veins?
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Which vessel carries blood with low resistance due to its proximity to the heart?
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Which receptors sense changes in arterial blood pressure and initiate the autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with transmitting sensory input from the carotid sinus baroreceptor to the medullary cardiovascular control center?
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What effect does an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) have on action potential frequency in baroreceptors?
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Which hormone increases mean arterial pressure through vasoconstriction of arterioles?
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What is the term for a temporary decrease in effective circulating blood volume due to moving from a lying position to a standing one?
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In which condition does extreme dilation of the vascular bed cause poor circulation due to abnormal expansion?
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What causes transient low-resistance shock after sunbathing for too long?
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Which type of shock results from pump failure where the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation?
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Which type of hypertension usually does not have a single cause and accounts for approximately 90% of hypertension cases?
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What can be a sign of secondary hypertension and can be managed with surgery or medication?
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Study Notes
Blood Vessel Physiology
- Blood vessels are pipes that carry blood, consisting of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Structure of Blood Vessels
- Arteries and veins have vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, but in varying amounts.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards the heart.
- Walls of arteries are thicker than the lumen, containing both muscle and elastic tissues.
- Capillaries are small, with thin walls, and are responsible for exchanging nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products.
- Veins have thinner walls and larger lumens than arteries, and contain valves.
Arterial System
- Elastic arteries (near the heart) have more elastin, allowing for expansion and contraction.
- Muscular arteries have more smooth muscle, which helps in blood pressure regulation.
Blood Pressure
- Systemic circulation pressure (80-120 mmHg) is higher than pulmonary circulation pressure (0-40 mmHg).
- Pressure in different vessels: arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins.
- Vasa vasorum supplies blood to the layers of blood vessels.
Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Baroreceptor reflexes respond to changes in arterial blood pressure, initiated by arterial stretch/pressure receptors.
- Medullary cardiovascular control center integrates baroreceptor reflexes, controlling heart rate and force of contraction, and diameter of systemic arterioles.
Hypertension and Hypotension
- Hypertension: chronically elevated blood pressure (>130/90 mmHg), a silent killer that can cause heart failure, renal failure, stroke, and vascular disease.
- Hypotension: low blood pressure, which can be caused by orthostatic hypotension, hemorrhage, decreased cardiac contractility, strong emotion, and massive release of endogenous relaxants.
Circulatory Shock
- Inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs, leading to organ damage.
- Types of circulatory shock: hypovolemic shock, low-resistant shock, and cardiogenic shock.
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood vessel physiology and the vascular system. Learn about the structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins, and their functions in carrying blood away from the heart. Explore the role of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in maintaining blood flow.
