Podcast
Questions and Answers
In males, the two locations with the highest incidence rate of cancer are the lung and the ______.
In males, the two locations with the highest incidence rate of cancer are the lung and the ______.
prostate
In females, the two locations with the highest incidence of cancer are the breast and the ______.
In females, the two locations with the highest incidence of cancer are the breast and the ______.
colon/rectum
The process when a tumor spreads from its primary site is called ______.
The process when a tumor spreads from its primary site is called ______.
metastasis
Testicular cancers most commonly occur between the ages of ______ and ______ years.
Testicular cancers most commonly occur between the ages of ______ and ______ years.
Signup and view all the answers
Chemotherapeutic drugs can lead to bone marrow depression, resulting in reduced red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, and ______ count.
Chemotherapeutic drugs can lead to bone marrow depression, resulting in reduced red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, and ______ count.
Signup and view all the answers
Clients with AB blood group are universal ______.
Clients with AB blood group are universal ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The only solution that can safely be given during a blood ______ is normal saline solution.
The only solution that can safely be given during a blood ______ is normal saline solution.
Signup and view all the answers
The most common transfusion reaction is ______.
The most common transfusion reaction is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
If hives is the only allergic reaction during a blood transfusion, proceed at a ______ rate.
If hives is the only allergic reaction during a blood transfusion, proceed at a ______ rate.
Signup and view all the answers
HIV infection can occur vertically during pregnancy or through ______-feeding.
HIV infection can occur vertically during pregnancy or through ______-feeding.
Signup and view all the answers
Thromboangitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease) is a chronic inflammation of ______ and veins.
Thromboangitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease) is a chronic inflammation of ______ and veins.
Signup and view all the answers
The presence of one or more specific conditions, along with an HIV positive status and a CD4 positive cell count below ______ cells/ul, are required for an AIDS diagnosis.
The presence of one or more specific conditions, along with an HIV positive status and a CD4 positive cell count below ______ cells/ul, are required for an AIDS diagnosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Raynaud’s disease is a vasospastic condition of digital arteries that occurs with exposure to ______ or to strong emotions.
Raynaud’s disease is a vasospastic condition of digital arteries that occurs with exposure to ______ or to strong emotions.
Signup and view all the answers
Do not administer live vaccines to any immune ____.
Do not administer live vaccines to any immune ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Fatigue and activity intolerance are common complaints with ____.
Fatigue and activity intolerance are common complaints with ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Symptoms of anemia include pallor, tachypnea, irritability and ____.
Symptoms of anemia include pallor, tachypnea, irritability and ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Client teaching for patients with sickle cell anemia to prevent acute episodes includes avoiding ____ clothing.
Client teaching for patients with sickle cell anemia to prevent acute episodes includes avoiding ____ clothing.
Signup and view all the answers
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder passed from the female to her male ____.
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder passed from the female to her male ____.
Signup and view all the answers
The Nursing Diagnosis category for a patient with Leukemia is 'Risk for injury from infection or bleeding related to ____.
The Nursing Diagnosis category for a patient with Leukemia is 'Risk for injury from infection or bleeding related to ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Clients with pernicious anemia should be monitored closely for symptoms of ____ carcinomas.
Clients with pernicious anemia should be monitored closely for symptoms of ____ carcinomas.
Signup and view all the answers
Taking iron with orange juice enhances ____.
Taking iron with orange juice enhances ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Thrombocytopenia is a decreased number of ____.
Thrombocytopenia is a decreased number of ____.
Signup and view all the answers
In DIC, the patient begins to hemorrhage after the initial ____ uses up the clotting factors.
In DIC, the patient begins to hemorrhage after the initial ____ uses up the clotting factors.
Signup and view all the answers
Pain in the chest and/or dyspnea suggests that a ____ may have occurred.
Pain in the chest and/or dyspnea suggests that a ____ may have occurred.
Signup and view all the answers
There are two categories of immunity: Passive immunity and ____ immunity.
There are two categories of immunity: Passive immunity and ____ immunity.
Signup and view all the answers
Cervical cancer risk factors include early initiation of sexual relations, multiple sex partners, and infection with human papilloma ____.
Cervical cancer risk factors include early initiation of sexual relations, multiple sex partners, and infection with human papilloma ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Breast cancer is usually found in women aged ____ to ____ years.
Breast cancer is usually found in women aged ____ to ____ years.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Blood Transfusions
- AB blood type is a universal recipient.
- Type O, Rh-negative blood type is a universal donor.
- Febrile reaction is the most common transfusion reaction.
- Only normal saline solution can be safely administered during a blood transfusion.
- Blood/blood components should be transfused within 4 hours (per American Association of Blood Banks).
- Stop the transfusion immediately if a hemolytic or febrile reaction is suspected. Maintain IV access. Replace with normal saline.
- If hives are the only allergic reaction, slow the transfusion rate (check institutional guidelines).
AIDS Diagnosis
- Three criteria for AIDS diagnosis: HIV positive, CD4+ cell count below 200 cells/µL, and one or more specific conditions (e.g., acute infection).
HIV Transmission
- HIV is commonly transmitted through blood, semen, and vaginal secretions.
- HIV has also been found in urine, feces, saliva, tears, and breast milk.
- Accidental needle stick: immediate testing for existing infection and repeat testing in 3 months for seroconversion.
- Vertical transmission (mother to child) can occur during pregnancy, vaginal birth, and breastfeeding.
- Only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and human milk are implicated in AIDS transmission.
- HIV-positive women should not breastfeed.
Hypertension
- Essential hypertension has no known etiology (accounts for 85-90% of cases).
- Assess for effects of antihypertensive drugs on sexual performance in non-compliant male clients.
Vascular Diseases
- Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): chronic inflammation of arteries and veins, with secondary nerve inflammation.
- Buerger-Allen exercises improve peripheral arterial circulation in Buerger's disease. This exercise promotes blood vessel emptying via gravity. Initial leg elevation causes pallor; lowering legs allows color return.
- Raynaud's disease: a vasospastic condition of digital arteries triggered by cold or strong emotions. Smoking cessation is a key therapeutic goal for both Buerger's and Raynaud's.
Immunizations and Immune Suppression
- Avoid live vaccines in immune-suppressed individuals.
- Do not take blood pressure on an arm with an arteriovenous shunt or fistula.
Hematologic Disorders
- Fatigue and activity intolerance are common complaints with hematologic disorders.
- Anemia symptoms: pallor, tachypnea, irritability, lethargy, generalized weakness.
- Sickle cell anemia prevention: avoid tight clothing, strenuous exercise, cold temperatures, smoking, and unpressurized planes.
- Hemophilia: an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder passed from female to male offspring. Avoid contact sports to prevent bleeding episodes.
- Leukemia nursing diagnosis: "Risk for injury from infection or bleeding related to pancytopenia."
- Multiple myeloma assessment: pathological fractures.
- Iron deficiency anemia interventions: provide rest periods.
- Pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoma: close monitoring for symptoms. Iron supplements: dilute liquid preparations and use a straw to prevent tooth staining. IM iron: administer using Z-track method to prevent skin staining. Enhance iron absorption by taking with orange juice or ascorbic acid.
- Pernicious anemia: caused by lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption.
- Thrombocytopenia: a decreased number of platelets, leading to petechiae and bruising.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- DIC: initial hypercoagulability leads to hemorrhage as clotting factors are depleted. Causes: massive crushing injuries, burns, and allergic responses.
- DIC: body exhausts clotting ability due to multiple repair attempts. Depleted platelets result in massive bleeding.
- Heparin administration is critical in DIC management.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Chest pain/dyspnea suggests PE, which may develop in 10% of DVT cases.
- If epistaxis (nosebleed) occurs, instruct the client to sit upright, leaning forward to avoid vascular pressure on the nose.
Blood Clotting and Heparin
- Heparin prolongs clotting time but does not thin the blood.
HIV & Immune System
- CD4+ cell count measures HIV-induced immune system damage and the body's ability to fight the infection.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis is unpredictable, with periods of exacerbation and remission. Management of symptoms, rather than a cure, is the focus.
Immunity
- Two types of immunity: passive and active.
- Passive immunity: antibodies obtained from another source, (e.g., placental transfer, breast milk). Temporary.
- Artificially acquired passive immunity: injection of preformed antibodies (e.g., hepatitis A).
- Active immunity: individual produces their own antibodies.
- Naturally acquired active immunity: recovering from a disease (e.g., chicken pox).
- Artificially acquired active immunity: result of vaccine. Duration varies (some lifelong).
Cancer
- Cancerous mass: unilateral, nontender, solid, hard, dense, fixed to tissues/skin (invasive).
- Breast cancer: most common in upper outer quadrant, often painless. As it progresses: firm/hard axillary nodes, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, elevation, and discharge. (Risk factors) - female 30-80 yrs old (highest risk 40-44, 50+).
- Breast self-exam: monthly. Mammography: from age 35.
- Highest cancer mortality: lung.
- Cervical cancer screening: Pap smear annually (from age 18 or sexually active). Cervical cancer risk factors: earlier sexual activity/multiple sex partners, HPV infection, smoking, oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies/births.
- Highest male cancer incidence: lung, prostate. Highest female cancer incidence: breast, colon/rectum.
- Common cancer symptoms: anemia, weakness, weight loss.
- Uncontrollable cancer risk factors: age over 40, male gender, race.
- Metastasis: tumor spread from primary site. Common sites: lymph, lungs, bone, liver, brain.
- Testicular cancer: ages 18-35, predominantly in white men. Most significant risk is undescended testes.
- Prostate cancer: 50% higher incidence in black men (mortality rate 2x higher). Dietary fat is thought to be a contributing factor to incidence increase.
- Hodgkin's disease: cancerous lymphoma, painless progressive lymph node enlargement, Reed-Sternberg cells.
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: multiple lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue in other body tissues are involved (unlike Hodgkin's).
- Hodgkin's disease is potentially curable.
- Chemotherapeutic drugs induce bone marrow depression (reduced red/white blood cells, platelets).
- Radium implant precautions: do not touch with bare hands; use forceps, containers placed in patient's room. Minimize time at bedside.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers essential information about blood transfusions, including types of blood and their compatibility, common transfusion reactions, and procedures. It also addresses HIV transmission and the criteria for AIDS diagnosis, providing a comprehensive understanding of these critical healthcare topics.
