Blood Transfusion Compatibility Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of reaction occurs when a type A recipient receives a type B blood transfusion?

  • Acute rejection
  • Delayed rejection
  • Hyperacute rejection (correct)
  • Chronic rejection

What is the primary reason why blood type compatibility is crucial in transplantation?

  • To ensure the recipient's immune system does not attack the transplanted organ (correct)
  • To reduce the risk of rejection in general
  • To prevent infection
  • To prevent blood clotting

Why are naturally occurring antibodies found in the plasma of different blood types important?

  • They determine the blood type of a person
  • They play a role in blood transfusion compatibility (correct)
  • They are crucial for blood clotting
  • They help fight off infections

Which blood type is the exception to having naturally occurring antibodies in the plasma?

<p>Type AB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of a transfusion where a type A patient receives type B blood?

<p>The recipient will experience a severe hemolytic reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of the antibodies present in a type A individual's plasma?

<p>B antigens on red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ABO blood group system important in transplantation?

<p>It helps determine the risk of rejection based on the compatibility of the patient's and donor's blood types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct answer choice that best describes the importance of determining the accurate blood type of a patient?

<p>To ensure accurate blood transfusions and organ transplantations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for a person needing a kidney transplant to have the confidence to undergo the procedure?

<p>Due to the technical complexities in organ compatibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the antibody type present in blood type A?

<p>anti-B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ABO subgroup does NOT exist among the known classifications?

<p>O1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for requiring mastery of ABO blood group antigens and antibodies in the lab?

<p>To reduce the error margin in blood transfusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one predict the ABO phenotypes and genotypes of offspring?

<p>By using known ABO genetic mating patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if letters in blood typing are superimposed incorrectly?

<p>It leads to mistakes that can affect blood transfusions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Bombay subgroup in relation to blood transfusions?

<p>It can conceal true blood types, complicating transfusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a student be able to do before becoming an intern related to blood typing?

<p>Trace their own blood type's antigens and antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibodies are found in blood type O?

<p>Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the anti-A and anti-B antibodies found in blood?

<p>IgM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hemolytic disease can occur in O mothers due to their antibodies?

<p>ABO hemolytic disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about blood type O is incorrect?

<p>Blood type O contains anti-A,B which is IgM. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood typing, which prefix is used incorrectly when referring to antibodies?

<p>B- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the plasma from serum in blood analysis?

<p>Plasma is obtained from blood without clotting, while serum is from clotted blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a girl with blood type O and a boy with blood type B have a child, what is a possible outcome regarding hemolytic disease?

<p>Some children may have HDN depending on antibody titer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is specifically identified as causing HDN in type O mothers?

<p>Anti-A,B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for genes to be autosomal?

<p>They are located on autosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How must a recessive allele be expressed?

<p>It must be present homozygously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amorph?

<p>A gene that does not produce a detectable phenotype. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes codominance?

<p>Both alleles are expressed equally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotypic representation of a homozygously dominant trait?

<p>BB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of blood type genetics, how is the O gene categorized?

<p>It is a recessive gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have?

<p>One pair. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the H antigen play in the formation of A and B antigens?

<p>It acts as a precursor for the formation of A and B antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does a person with the Bombay phenotype not express the A or B antigens?

<p>They do not produce the H antigen, which is required for A and B antigen formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen do people with the Bombay phenotype have?

<p>They do not have H, A, or B antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person has the A gene but lacks the H antigen due to the Bombay phenotype, which of the following is true?

<p>They cannot produce A antigens because the H antigen is absent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the precursor role of the H antigen in the formation of A and B antigens?

<p>It is required regardless of the presence of the A or B genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antigens, what does the term 'precursor' refer to?

<p>A necessary substance that must be present to produce another substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it incorrect to say that Bombay phenotype individuals have only small h antigens?

<p>The absence of the large H renders them without any H antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the H antigen in the blood group system?

<p>It serves as a foundation for the ABO blood group formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only sugar present when considering the H antigen?

<p>Fucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene does not produce an active enzyme in antigen formation?

<p>O gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sugar is added to terminal galactose in relation to Lewis antigen development?

<p>Fucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the H antigen in terms of precursor activity?

<p>It serves as a precursor for an amorph gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transferase is involved in the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine?

<p>N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remains unchanged when fucose interacts with H antigen?

<p>Precursor substance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of the O gene?

<p>It allows the formation of the A antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is mentioned as not being modified or acted upon in the context of H antigen?

<p>Fucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ABO Blood Typing

The method of determining a person's blood type based on ABO antigens and antibodies present in their blood.

Type O Blood

A blood type that has no A or B antigens on red blood cells but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Relative ABH Substances

Substances found in body fluids that correlate with the ABO blood group antigens.

Specific Antibodies for Blood Type A

The antibody present in blood type A is anti-B, which reacts against B antigens.

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Subgroups of ABO

Variants of the main blood types, such as A1, A2, and Bombay subgroup, which can affect transfusions.

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Importance of Blood Mastery

Understanding blood types is crucial for ensuring safe blood transfusions and lab work.

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Legal Implications of Mistyping

Changes or errors in blood typing can lead to legal consequences and affect patient safety.

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Predicting Blood Phenotypes

Determining the possible ABO phenotypes and genotypes of offspring from the genetic mating of parents.

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Hyperacute rejection

Immediate rejection of a transplanted organ due to existing antibodies.

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Importance of blood type in transfusion

Using specific blood types prevents harmful reactions.

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Natural antibodies

Antibodies present in blood plasma without prior exposure.

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Anti-B antibodies

Antibodies found in type A blood that attack B antigens.

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Serious hemolytic reaction

Destruction of red blood cells due to incompatible transfusion.

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ABO blood group system

System that classifies blood types based on antigens and antibodies.

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Blood Type B Antibody

The antibody that reacts against type A antigens, referred to as anti-A.

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Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies

IgM antibodies found in blood types A and B that target opposing antigens.

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Type O Blood Antibodies

Type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)

A condition caused by the presence of maternal anti-A,B antibodies, especially in type O mothers.

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Nature of Anti-A and Anti-B

The antibodies are primarily IgM in structure.

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Nature of Anti-A,B

These are IgG antibodies that can cross the placenta.

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Serum vs Plasma

Serum is the fluid portion of blood without cells; plasma contains blood cells and is in the body.

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Antigens and Blood Groups

Antigens on red blood cells determine the blood type, e.g., Type O has no A/B antigens.

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Autosomal

Genes located on autosomes, not sex chromosomes.

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Dominant allele

An allele that expresses its trait when inherited once.

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Recessive allele

An allele that needs to be inherited in two copies to be expressed.

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Homozygously dominant

Having two identical dominant alleles, such as BB.

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Amorph

A gene that does not have a detectable product or effect.

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Codominance

Both alleles in a heterozygote contribute to the phenotype.

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Alleles

Different forms of a gene that determine specific traits.

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Blood type inheritance

How blood types are determined by alleles passed from parents.

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Fucose

A monosaccharide that is present in the H antigen and important in blood typing.

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H Antigen

The precursor substance for the A and B antigens; not modified in type O blood.

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Amorph Gene

A gene that does not produce an active enzyme; related to type O blood.

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N-acetylgalactosamine

Sugar that attaches to galactose; involved in A antigen formation.

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N-acetylglucosamine

A sugar that can have fucose added for Lewis antigen development.

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Lewis Antigen

Antigen that develops from the combination of fucose and N-acetylglucosamine.

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Galactose

A sugar that can be modified with fucose in the H antigen chain.

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O Gene

Gene responsible for type O blood; it does not produce an active enzyme.

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Bombay Phenotype

A rare blood type that does not produce the H antigen, affecting A and B antigen formation.

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Lack of Antigens

Bombay phenotype individuals do not express A or B antigens despite having the genes for them.

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Precursor Role of H Antigen

H antigen is crucial as it is the precursor for both A and B antigens.

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Small h Substitutes

Individuals with Bombay phenotype carry small h but lack large H, affecting blood type expression.

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Study Notes

ABO Blood Group System

  • The ABO blood group system is the major blood group system in transfusion and transplantation.
  • ABO genes determine the production of antigens on red blood cells.
  • Types: A, B, AB, O
  • O is a recessive gene.
  • A and B are codominant.
  • H gene affects the expression of A and B antigens.
  • H gene is on chromosome 19, ABO genes are on chromosome 9.

Hh Blood Group System

  • The Hh blood group system influences the expression of the ABO system.
  • It's a separate blood group system.

Blood Typing Reactions

  • In blood typing reactions, identify phenotypes using direct and reverse methods.
  • Direct method identifies the antigens on the red blood cells.
  • Reverse method identifies the antibodies in the serum.
  • Atypical reactions need to be resolved.
  • Correct blood typing is essential in preventing serious complications.

ABO Subgroups and Variants

  • ABO blood group subgroups (A1, A2, etc.) and variants exist.
  • Subgroups are important in blood transfusions, as mismatches can cause problems.

Importance of Blood Typing

  • Accurate blood typing is crucial for safe transfusions.
  • Errors in blood typing can lead to fatal or potentially very serious complications.

Blood Typing Discrepancies

  • Identify and resolve blood typing discrepancies.
  • The possible causes of discrepancies include errors in procedures (e.g. instrument error or mix up), patient issues (e.g. cold agglutinins, certain diseases or medications) or reagent quality.

Discovery of the ABO system

  • Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901.
  • Von Decastello and Sturli discovered blood type AB.
  • Bernstein described the first theory of ABO inheritance, following Mendelian genetics.

ABO Blood Typing Discrepancies

  • Errors in blood typing can lead to fatal or very serious complications.
  • Proper technique and careful review are critical.

Importance of Blood Subgroups

  • Accurate blood typing and crossmatching are essential in blood transfusions to avoid serious complications.
  • Discrepancies need resolving to ensure correct blood type is used.

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