T2 L13: Motor learning and neurological syndromes
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is responsible for selecting muscle groups?

  • Upper motor neurons
  • Basal ganglia (correct)
  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus

    • Which structure acts as a conductor and comparator in motor control?

  • Basal ganglia
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Upper motor neurons

    • Which structure is responsible for intentional movements?

  • Cortical motor control centres (correct)
  • Brainstem motor control centres
  • Motor interneurons
  • Central pattern generators

    • Which type of movement is generated by central pattern generators?

    <p>Stereotyped movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is associated with a lesion in the lower motor neuron?

    <p>Areflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which descending pathway is responsible for directing head and eye movements?

    <p>Tectospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain represents the motor homunculus?

    <p>Primary motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main structures involved in motor learning?

    <p>Cerebellum and basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which descending pathways are responsible for voluntary motor control?

    <p>Corticospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which descending pathways are responsible for involuntary motor control?

    <p>Vestibulospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating movement and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating automatic movements?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs of impairment in the motor control system?

    <p>Tremors and muscle rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the medial part of the frontal lobes including the leg area of the motor cortex?

    <p>Anterior Cerebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss or impairment of the ability to make decisions or act independently?

    <p>Abulia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for somatosensory afferents?

    <p>Area 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is involved in planning and decision making?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis?

    <p>Apraxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of apraxia is characterized by difficulty in the sequencing and execution of movements?

    <p>Ideational apraxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe sustained muscle contractions, usually producing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions?

    <p>Dystonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain acts as a conductor and comparator in the hierarchial motor control system?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basal ganglia in the motor control system?

    <p>Selector of muscle groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for the representation of the motor cortex?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the actions associated with intentional movements?

    <p>Complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain plays a role in the learning of motor control?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the brainstem motor control centres?

    <p>Actions - intentional movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cortical motor control centres in the motor control system?

    <p>Representation of motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common signs of impairment in the motor control system?

    <p>Twitching of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of central pattern generators in the motor control system?

    <p>Actions - intentional movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are activated when standing still?

    <p>Extensor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are activated when walking?

    <p>Flexor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement is considered a stereotypic movement?

    <p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the central nervous system is intact?

    <p>Walking becomes automatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the face is bilaterally innervated by the facial nerve?

    <p>Upper part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by weakness of the contralateral lower part of the face?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sustained facial palsy affecting all the muscles on one side of the face?

    <p>Lower motor neurone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can activate the lower part of the face in someone with an upper mechanism facial nerve problem?

    <p>Cracking a joke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for sending tracks to the neck and upper limbs, but not the lower limbs?

    <p>Cortical spinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the red nucleus pathway?

    <p>Activating extensor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible explanation for why someone with a chronic stroke may have their arm flexed up?

    <p>Damage to the cortical spinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an extensive response and a flexion response in terms of prognosis?

    <p>An extensive response is worse than a flexion response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for neglect, where an individual can perceive but not attend?

    <p>Posterior cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is characteristic of a Jacksonian seizure?

    <p>Spread of symptoms going down one arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is involved in planning and decision making?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain receives information that gives a sense of what's happening around you and can result in neglect when damaged?

    <p>Posterior cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving sensory input and providing feedback to activate muscles for movement?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of numbness and unsteadiness in the feet and legs, as described in the text?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling movements of the hand and face?

    <p>Motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for weakness in both legs due to a lesion in the brain?

    <p>Bilateral leg paresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the supplementary motor area (SMA)?

    <p>To plan and sequence complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the brain when someone performs a mental rehearsal of a complex movement?

    <p>Only the supplementary motor area (SMA) is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a tremor stops or changes speed in response to specific tasks?

    <p>Entrainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the activation of the SMA before the motor cortex suggest about movements?

    <p>Movements have some degree of volitional control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a problem in the integration between the sensory and motor pathways?

    <p>Apraxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the time between the gun firing and an athlete's reaction is less than 0.1 seconds?

    <p>The athlete assumes the gun went off shortly before their reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between the sensory and motor areas not fully understood?

    <p>How they all fully integrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe sustained muscle contractions that produce twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures?

    <p>Dystonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the loss or impairment of the ability to make decisions or act independently?

    <p>Aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis?

    <p>Apraxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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