59 Questions
What is the main arterial supply for the anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) and the middle cerebral arteries (MCA)?
Internal carotid arteries
Which arteries enter the skull via foramen magnum and are the main supply for the posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)?
Vertebral arteries
Which signals play a role in regulating coronary blood flow based on the metabolic demands of the myocardium?
Metabolic signals
What condition may develop if there is stasis of blood in the lower limbs?
Thrombosis
What is a possible consequence of impaired venous drainage in the lower limbs?
Peripheral oedema
What condition is associated with the development of varicose veins?
Venous insufficiency
Autoregulation of blood flow is primarily influenced by:
Tissue's metabolic status
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in autoregulation of blood flow?
It functions as a vasodilator
The increased shearing forces on endothelial cells caused by increased perfusion pressure lead to the increased synthesis of:
Nitric oxide
Which of the following is NOT a signal of the tissue's metabolic status in autoregulation of blood flow?
Glucose concentration
Which of the following is NOT an endothelial factor involved in autoregulation of blood flow?
Serotonin
What triggers the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells?
All of the above
Which molecule is responsible for the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells?
NO synthase
Which of the following are important regulators of coronary blood flow?
All of the above
Which receptors mediate vasodilation in coronary arterioles in response to sympathetic input?
Beta-2 adrenoceptors
Which neural input can influence the dilation of coronary arterioles?
Sympathetic input (+ circulating adrenaline)
Which arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the brain?
Both a and b
What is formed when the Vertebral Arteries re-join?
Basilar Artery
How do the Internal Carotid Arteries enter the skull?
Via the carotid canal
Where do the Vertebral Arteries enter the skull?
Via the foramen magnum
Which vein sits under the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle?
Internal jugular vein (IJV)
The internal jugular vein (IJV) runs from:
Jugular foramen to jugular notch
The external jugular vein (EJV) is located:
Below the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle
How can the internal jugular vein (IJV) be accessed?
Lesser supraclavicular fossa
What potential complication can result from injury to the external jugular vein (EJV)?
Venous air embolus
Which vein is associated with the jugular venous pulse (JVP)?
Internal jugular vein
True or False: The internal jugular vein is a vein without valves.
True
What happens to the jugular venous pulse when pressure changes occur on the right side of circulation?
It increases in amplitude
At what angle of body positioning is the jugular venous pulse (JVP) in the internal jugular vein just visible above the clavicle in a normal individual?
45°
Elevated jugular venous pulse can be seen in which condition?
Heart failure
What causes the jugular venous pulse to be elevated in heart failure?
Impaired venous return
Which vein is less useful when estimating jugular venous pressure due to the presence of valves?
External jugular vein
What might be heard on auscultation of the renal arteries?
Epigastric bruit
Where do the renal arteries branch off from?
Abdominal aorta
What type of arteries are the renal arteries?
End-arteries
Which blood vessels supply the kidneys?
Renal veins
Which artery supplies the posterior left ventricle?
Right coronary artery
Which artery gives off the posterior interventricular artery?
Right coronary artery
Which artery supplies most of the right ventricle?
Right coronary artery
The left coronary artery splits into which two branches?
Anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
Which artery supplies the anterior left ventricle?
Left coronary artery
Which artery is responsible for the arterial supply to the lower limbs?
External iliac artery
Which of the following is a key step in the examination of the peripheral vasculature?
Palpating the branches of the lower limb blood supply
In individuals with peripheral vascular disease, what can be observed regarding the pulses in the lower limbs?
Weak or absent pulses
Which analysis can be performed to assess peripheral vascular health?
Ankle:brachial pressure index
What are the three factors that venous drainage of the lower limbs depends on?
Movement, muscle pump, and presence of valves
What is the Circle of Willis and why is it advantageous?
It is a network of blood vessels at the base of the brain that allows for collateral circulation
What can an elevated jugular vein pulse indicate?
Heart failure
Where are renal arteries located and what is their function?
They are direct branches off the abdominal aorta and sit at vertebral level L1; they supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys
What are some symptoms of reduced blood flow to the brain?
Temporary loss of consciousness and blindness
What are some symptoms of reduced renal blood flow?
High blood pressure and nausea
What is autoregulation of blood flow and how is it maintained?
It is a type of autoregulation of blood flow in the lower limbs; it is maintained at a constant level over a wide range of perfusion pressures
What are some symptoms of reduced blood flow to the brain?
Temporary loss of consciousness and blindness
What are some symptoms of reduced renal blood flow?
High blood pressure and nausea
What is the main supply for the posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)?
Vertebral arteries
Where do renal veins drain into?
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
What are the symptoms of reduced blood flow to the brain?
Loss of motor function, syncope, sensory loss, visual field loss, confusion, temporary loss of consciousness, blindness, amnesia, ataxia, behavioral change, and problems with balance
What are the symptoms of reduced renal blood flow?
Malignant hypertension, high blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, sleep problems, changes in how much you urinate, decreased mental sharpness, muscle twitches and cramps, swelling of feet and ankles, and persistent itching
What mechanisms maintain autoregulation of blood flow?
Neural and hormonal influences and intrinsic myogenic mechanisms of the arteriolar smooth muscle
Study Notes
Blood Supply and Control of Blood Flow to the Heart, Brain, Kidneys and Lower Limbs
- Major arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart, brain, kidneys, and lower limbs are described.
- Deficiency of supply of oxygenated blood to the heart, brain, kidneys, and lower limbs is related to symptoms and signs in patients.
- Mechanisms of how blood flow is controlled are described.
- Internal carotid arteries are the main supply for the anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) and the middle cerebral arteries (MCA).
- Vertebral arteries enter the skull via foramen magnum, and the main supply for the posterior cerebral arteries (PCA).
- The Circle of Willis is advantageous because it allows for collateral circulation.
- The jugular vein pulse is elevated in heart failure and can be used to estimate jugular venous pressure.
- Renal arteries are direct branches off the abdominal aorta and sit at vertebral level L1.
- Renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
- Reduced blood flow to the brain can cause loss of motor function, syncope, sensory loss, visual field loss, confusion, temporary loss of consciousness, blindness, amnesia, ataxia, behavioral change, and problems with balance.
- Reduced renal blood flow can cause malignant hypertension, high blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, sleep problems, changes in how much you urinate, decreased mental sharpness, muscle twitches and cramps, swelling of feet and ankles, and persistent itching.
- Autoregulation of blood flow is maintained at a constant level over a wide range of perfusion pressures, and it is controlled by neural and hormonal influences and intrinsic myogenic mechanisms of the arteriolar smooth muscle.
Test your knowledge about the blood supply and control of blood flow to the heart, brain, kidneys, and lower limbs with this informative quiz. Learn about the major arterial supply and venous drainage of these organs, and how deficiency of oxygenated blood can affect patients. Explore the mechanisms that control blood flow and discover the importance of the Circle of Willis. Also, find out how reduced blood flow to the brain and kidneys can cause a range of symptoms and signs. Test your understanding of autoregulation
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