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Questions and Answers
Which test is primarily used to monitor heparin therapy?
What does bleeding time assess?
What condition is associated with the accumulation of cancer cells in bone marrow?
Which pathways does prothrombin time (PT) assess?
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What is the normal carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level for non-smokers?
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What does the hematocrit measure in a blood sample?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely diagnosed using a blood smear?
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What does the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicate?
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Which of the following is NOT a RBC disorder?
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What condition is associated with abnormalities of platelets?
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Which blood test component is primarily used to estimate platelet count?
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What might unexplained anemia indicate in a blood test?
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What does a positive Direct Coomb's test indicate?
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Which of the following is a possible cause of persistent flu-like symptoms?
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Which type of RBC is associated with anemia and characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin content?
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Which type of red blood cell appearance is characterized by fragmented RBCs?
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What is the defining characteristic of echinocytes?
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What is indicated by anisocytosis in a blood sample?
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Which RBC shape is commonly associated with sickle cell trait?
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Which condition is typically associated with the presence of target cells?
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Which RBC morphology is defined as having an oval shape?
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Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
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Which white blood cell type increases in response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
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What is the primary function of basophils in the immune response?
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Monocytes are primarily known for their ability to:
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Which of the following is not a function of T lymphocytes?
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What type of cells are responsible for humoral immunity and antibody production?
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Which type of T helper cells play a significant role in defense against parasites and allergy management?
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What is the normal range of platelet cells in the blood per cubic millimeter?
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Which condition is most likely associated with an increased count of CD8+ T cells?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT known to cause thrombocytopenia?
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Study Notes
Blood Smear
- A blood smear is created by spreading a drop of peripheral blood on a slide.
- Examined microscopically.
- Procedure used to obtain a WBC count, differential count, estimate platelet count, and evaluate RBC morphology.
Complete Blood Count
- Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC count, WBC count, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) make up a complete blood count.
- Hemoglobin: measures the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.
- Hematocrit: measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
- RBC Count: measures the number of red blood cells per volume of blood.
- WBC Count: measures the number of white blood cells per volume of blood.
- MCV: measures the average size of red blood cells.
- MCH: measures the average amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
- MCHC: measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Coagulation Tests
- Bleeding Time: A test that assesses the time it takes for bleeding to stop after a standardized skin incision is made, evaluating platelet quantity and function.
- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): assesses the intrinsic clotting pathway (all clotting factors except VII).
- Prothrombin Time (PT): assesses the extrinsic and common clotting pathway.
Direct Coombs' Test
- A positive direct Coomb's test result indicates that an immune mechanism is attacking the patient's own red blood cells.
- Used to detect hemolytic anemia, lupus, and drug-induced hemolysis, such as caused by methyldopa, penicillin, and quinidine.
Indirect Coombs' Test
- Used for prenatal testing of pregnant women and in testing blood prior to a blood transfusion.
Crossmatching
- Determines compatibility between donor and recipient blood.
- Agglutination between the donor's red blood cells and the recipient's serum indicates incompatibility.
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
- Uses electrophoretic separation and immunodiffusion to screen for abnormalities such as multiple myeloma.
Red Blood Cell Appearance
- Acanthocytes (Spur Cells): Red blood cells with long, thin, irregularly placed spikes on the membrane associated with alcoholic cirrhosis and heparin therapy.
- Echinocytes (Burr Cells): Red blood cells with evenly distributed spicules on the membrane associated with uremia and hyperlipidemia.
- Schistocytes: Fragmented red blood cells.
- Spherocytes: Small round red blood cells associated with iron deficiency anemia.
- Stomatocytes: Red blood cells with central slit-like areas of pallor.
- Target Cells: Red blood cells appear pale with a dark central area.
- Elliptocytes: Rod-shaped red blood cells associated with sickle cell trait and thalassemia.
- Ovalocytes: Oval-shaped red blood cells associated with microcytic and megaloblastic anemia.
- Macrocytes: Larger than normal red blood cells.
- Microcytes: Smaller than normal red blood cells.
- Normocytes: Normal sized red blood cells.
- Anisocytosis: Unequal size of red blood cells.
- Hypochromia: Decrease in the hemoglobin content of red blood cells.
- Normochromia: Normal red blood cell color.
White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes: Include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
- Lymphocytes: Provide humoral, cell-mediated, and cytotoxic immune responses.
- Monocytes: Macrophage precursors.
Basophils
- Produce heparin.
- Increased during chronic hypersensitivity states and myeloproliferative diseases.
Eosinophils
- Contain numerous inflammatory mediators.
- Increased during parasitic infections and allergic reaction.
- May also increase in some neoplastic disease, skin disorders, and collagen vascular diseases.
Neutrophils
- Also known as polymorphonuclear cells.
- Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria.
- Increased during infection, tissue necrosis, inflammatory disease, metabolic disorders, and some leukemias.
T lymphocytes
- Derived from the thymus.
- Responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
- Activate phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and release cytokines in response to an antigen.
- CD4+ (Helper T cells): Further divided into Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells involved in various immune responses.
- CD8+: Increased in hepatitis B, acute mononucleosis, and cytomegalo infection.
B lymphocytes
- Derived from the bone marrow.
- Responsible for humoral immunity and produce antibodies.
- Increased during viral disease, bacterial disease, metabolic disease, and chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Decreased during immunodeficiency syndromes, severe illness, and diseases associated with abnormalities of the lymphatic circulatory system.
Null lymphocytes
- Neither T-cell nor B-cell lymphocytes.
Monocytes
- Increased during infection, granulomatous, and collagen vascular disease.
- AKA macrophages
Platelets
- Initiate hemostasis.
- Normal value: 150-400 cells/mm3.
- Platelet function is impaired by aspirin, dipyridamole, NSAIDs, uremia, multiple myeloma, and severe liver disease.
- Conditions with thrombocytopenia include bone marrow dysfunction, aplastic anemia, leukemia, viral infections, peripheral platelet destruction, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
- A compound formed by carbon monoxide and hemoglobin.
- Displaces oxygen in red blood cells.
- Normal COHb level for non-smokers is up to 3%.
- For smokers, 10-15% is normal.
Blood Lab Tests By Cell Type
- Red Blood Cells: Carboxyhemoglobin
- White Blood Cells: Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B lymphocytes, Null lymphocytes, and Monocytes
- Platelets:
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood smear techniques and complete blood count components. This quiz covers important metrics like hemoglobin, hematocrit, and various blood cell counts that are vital in hematology. Enhance your understanding of routine blood tests used in clinical practice.
