Parts of a Thin Blood Film and Blood Smear
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Questions and Answers

What do autotrophic bacteria use to synthesize their food?

  • Inorganic substances (correct)
  • Organic substances
  • Parasitic means
  • Saprophytic means

    • Which type of bacteria obtains food from organic substances, living or dead?

  • Heterotrophic bacteria (correct)
  • Autotrophic bacteria
  • Chemosynthetic bacteria
  • Photosynthetic bacteria

    • Which type of oxygen requirement category do bacteria fall into if oxygen inhibits their growth?

  • Obligate aerobe
  • Facultative aerobe
  • Obligate anaerobe (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium?

    <p>Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria require oxygen for growth?

    <p>Obligate aerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to do first?

    <p>Download the files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What language is used in the main instruction?

    <p>Arabic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the given instructions?

    <p>To download files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which web button is mentioned to proceed after downloading?

    <p>Open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The instruction suggests the files are:

    <p>Free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the bacterial outer wall does the gram stain depend on?

    <p>Peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does Gram-positive bacteria stain?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of specimen is used to diagnose respiratory infections in the laboratory?

    <p>Sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does Gram-negative bacteria stain?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of specimen is used to diagnose urinary tract infections?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a thin blood film is nearest to the drop of blood?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criteria indicate a well-prepared blood smear?

    <p>Gradual transition from thick to thin and even cell distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal angle of the spreader slide when making a blood smear?

    <p>30-45 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should the blood film be fixed with methyl alcohol before staining?

    <p>0.5 to 2 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stain is used for blood smears?

    <p>Leishman stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the length and thickness of a blood smear?

    <p>The drying time of the smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group is considered the universal donor?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antigens are present in the red blood cells of someone with blood group AB?

    <p>A and B antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies are present in the plasma of someone with blood group A?

    <p>Anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group has no antibodies in the plasma?

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of people with Rh positive blood?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can receive blood from both Rh positive and Rh negative donors?

    <p>People with Rh positive blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of microscopic organisms called?

    <p>Microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a microorganism?

    <p>Plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of microorganisms?

    <p>1 millimeter or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a shape of bacteria?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is an example of a rod-shaped bacterium?

    <p>Lactobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shape describes the appearance of Vibrio cholera?

    <p>Comma shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism classification lacks a nuclear membrane?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important role of normal flora in humans?

    <p>Prevent growth of harmful bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people are Rh positive?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can Rh positive individuals receive blood from?

    <p>Both Rh positive and Rh negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to determine Rh incompatibility between a mother and her child?

    <p>To avoid producing antibodies against the baby's antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is considered a universal donor blood group?

    <p>Blood group O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is considered a universal recipient blood group?

    <p>Blood group AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must the Rh factor be examined during blood transfusions?

    <p>To avoid Rh incompatibility reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type has both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells?

    <p>Blood Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type has neither A nor B antibodies in blood plasma?

    <p>Blood Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type has A antibodies in blood plasma?

    <p>Blood Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antigens and antibodies are present in Blood Type O?

    <p>Neither A nor B antigens, and both A and B antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type has B antigens on the surface of red blood cells?

    <p>Blood Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigens?

    <p>Protein molecules on the surface of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an individual's blood group?

    <p>What they have inherited from their parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when incompatible blood groups are mixed?

    <p>Blood clumping or agglutination occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genetically determined blood group systems are known today?

    <p>Over 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood types are included in the ABO blood typing system?

    <p>A, B, AB, and O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies are present in the blood plasma of an individual with blood group A?

    <p>B antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell carries oxygen throughout the body?

    <p>Red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a blood smear test?

    <p>To detect abnormalities in blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a reason for conducting a blood smear test?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of blood film used for the detection of parasites like malaria?

    <p>Thick blood film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>To assist in blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT involved in preparing a thin blood film?

    <p>Heating the slide to 100°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle at which the spreader (another slide) should be placed near the drop of blood?

    <p>30-45°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is fixation NOT used in thick blood film preparation?

    <p>Because it is not needed for parasite detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parts of a Thin Blood Film

    • A peripheral blood film consists of three parts: Head (portion of blood film near the drop of blood), Body (main part of the blood film), and Tail (tapering end of the blood film)

    Features of a Good Blood Smear

    • A well-prepared smear covers about three-fourths of the slide and should show a gradual transition from thick to thin
    • It should have a smooth appearance, with no holes or ridges, and a feathered edge (about 1.5 cm long) at the thin end of the smear
    • When the smear is examined microscopically, the cells should be evenly distributed, with an area at the thin end of the smear where RBCs are not overlapping

    Factors Affecting Blood Smear Quality

    • The length and thickness of the smear are affected by the size of the drop of blood (medium size), the angle of the spreader slide (30-45 degrees), and the speed at which the smear is made

    Fixing of Blood Films

    • Before staining, the blood film needs to be fixed with methyl alcohol for 0.5 to 2 minutes to prevent hemolysis

    Staining Blood Smears

    • There are many types of blood staining, including Giemsa stain, Wright's stain, and Leishman stain

    Bacterial Nutrition

    Autotrophic Bacteria

    • Synthesize all their food from inorganic substances (CO2 and hydrogen donor)
    • Include two types: photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria

    Heterotrophic Bacteria

    • Obtain their ready-made food from organic substances, living or dead
    • Include three types: saprophytic bacteria, parasitic bacteria, and symbiotic bacteria

    Oxygen Requirements

    • Obligate aerobe: require O2
    • Facultative aerobe: O2 not required but better growth when present
    • Obligate anaerobe: O2 inhibits bacterial growth

    Reaction to the Gram Stain

    • Bacteria are divided into two groups according to the reaction with Gram stain
    • Gram-positive bacteria: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Clostridium
    • Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, etc.

    Gram Stain

    • Gram-positive: peptidoglycan (cell wall) = blue
    • Gram-negative: lipopolysaccharide (cell wall) = red

    Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease

    • It depends on clinical specimens reaching the lab
    • Examples of specimens: Blood, Urine, Stool, Sputum, Vaginal swabs, Nose & ear swabs, Cerebral spinal fluid, Food & vomit

    Introduction to Microbiology

    • Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms
    • Microorganisms (MOs) include protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses
    • MOs are present in vast numbers everywhere on the bodies of animals and humans, on plant surfaces, in the air, food, water, dust, soil
    • MOs include normal flora, which prevents the spread and growth of fungi and harmful bacteria

    Bacteria

    • Bacteria (prokaryotes, together with Archaea) share many common features
    • Common features: lack of a nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission, and generally small size
    • Species can be differentiated through the comparison of several characteristics, allowing their identification and classification

    Classification of Bacteria

    • Depends on the shape of bacteria
    • Examples:
      • Cocci (Spherical): Diplococci, Chain (Cocci), Cluster or Grape like shape
      • Bacilli: Lactobacillus.spp. (rod shaped)
      • Spiral shape: Helicobacter pylori
      • Comma shape: Vibrio cholera

    Blood Smear

    • A blood smear is a blood test used to look for abnormalities in blood cells
    • The test focuses on the number and shape of red cells, white cells, and platelets
    • Provides information on the number and shape of these cells, which can help diagnose certain blood disorders or other medical conditions

    Why is a Blood Smear Done?

    • To diagnose conditions that are causing unexplained jaundice, unexplained anemia, sudden weight loss, severe infection, skin rashes or cuts, bone pain
    • A blood film report can provide rapidly and at low cost, useful information about a patient's condition

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    Description

    Learn about the three parts of a thin blood film - head, body, and tail, and the features of a well-prepared blood smear.

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