Lec 06
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Questions and Answers

What affects the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

  • Heart rate and blood volume
  • Cardiac output and arteriolar resistance (correct)
  • Stroke volume and diaphragmatic movement
  • Venous return and kidney function

    • How is cardiac output calculated?

  • CO = PA - PV
  • CO = HR x SV (correct)
  • CO = SV/HF
  • CO = HR + SV

    • What role does aldosterone play in mean arterial pressure?

  • Decreases blood volume and pressure
  • Dilates arterioles to lower resistance
  • Increases reabsorption of salt and water (correct)
  • Regulates heart rate directly

    • What happens to blood flow in relation to total resistance?

    <p>Flow decreases as resistance increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences stroke volume?

    <p>Force of contraction in the ventricular myocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system controls blood volume and peripheral resistance?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What governs local blood flow to tissues?

    <p>Local mediators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the distribution of blood related to mean arterial pressure?

    <p>Changes in blood distribution can alter resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is directly proportional to flow?

    <p>Pressure gradient (Pa - Pv) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism aids venous return?

    <p>Skeletal muscle pump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pulse pressure?

    <p>The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sound is first heard at the systolic pressure when measuring blood pressure?

    <p>Snapping sound. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg?

    <p>93.33 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly affects pulse pressure?

    <p>Stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood pressure as it flows through the circulatory system?

    <p>It decreases continuously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the silence heard when cuff pressure drops below diastolic blood pressure?

    <p>Diastolic blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) most accurately described?

    <p>It represents the time-average pressure in the arteries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Korotkoff sounds?

    <p>The first sound is the loudest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of baroreceptors in the body?

    <p>To regulate blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for a fast response to changes in blood pressure?

    <p>Baroreceptor reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the baroreceptor reflex?

    <p>Hormonal secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the baroreceptor reflex, what does an increase in blood pressure trigger?

    <p>Parasympathetic response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic response occurs due to activation of sympathetic neurons in the baroreceptor reflex?

    <p>Increased heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body compensate for low blood pressure during orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Increased cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the baroreceptor reflex when there is a sudden drop in blood pressure?

    <p>Compensatory sympathetic stimulation increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is a result of the baroreceptor reflex in response to increased blood pressure?

    <p>Excretion of fluid in urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do medullary cardiovascular control centers play in the baroreceptor reflex?

    <p>They integrate sensory information and coordinate responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response occurs in the cardiovascular system during fast responses to increased blood pressure?

    <p>Vasodilation of the arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels
    • Measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
    • Highest in arteries, decreasing as it flows through the circulatory system
    • Systolic pressure: pressure when the heart contracts
    • Diastolic pressure: pressure when the heart relaxes
    • Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
    • Mean arterial pressure (MAP): average pressure over the cardiac cycle
    • Formula for MAP: (2/3 x diastolic pressure) + (1/3 x systolic pressure)
    • Normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg

    Measuring Blood Pressure

    • A blood pressure cuff is inflated to stop blood flow in an artery (e.g., brachial artery)
    • A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds (Korotkoff sounds) as the cuff pressure is released.
    • Systolic pressure: first sound heard
    • Diastolic pressure: last sound heard
    • The five Korotkoff sounds:
      • First sound: tapping, repetitive clear sounds - systolic
      • Second to fourth sounds: murmurs
      • Fifth/final sound: crisp, loud sounds-diastolic

    Pulse

    • Pulse is a wave of pressure produced by the blood entering the arteries during systole
    • Monitored at pressure points where the pulse is easily palpable
    • Examples: temporal, facial, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis arteries

    Factors affecting Mean Arterial Pressure

    • Cardiac Output (CO)
      • Heart Rate (HR): rate of heart contractions
      • Stroke Volume (SV): amount of blood pumped per beat
    • Peripheral Resistance (PR): opposition to blood flow in the arteries
      • Arteriolar diameter: a key determinant of PR
    • Blood Volume: total amount of blood in the body
      • Includes fluid intake and fluid loss
    • Factors Influencing Blood Volume Regulation and Control
    • Neural control of heart rate and stroke volume
    • Vascular smooth muscle responses
    • Hormonal control and regulation
    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): control of blood volume
    • Baroreceptors and regulation of blood pressure

    Control of Blood Pressure

    • Fast response: baroreceptor reflex (within a few heartbeats)
      • Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect pressure changes
    • Slow response: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
      • A feedback loop that regulates blood volume
    • Other factors impacting blood pressure (e.g., hormones and chemicals):
      • Hormones: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
      • Chemicals: Local mediators
    • Mechanisms for regulating peripheral resistance:
      • Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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    Related Documents

    PSL301-Lecture 6 Blood Pressure 2022 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on blood pressure concepts and measurement techniques. This quiz covers aspects such as systolic and diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and the procedures for using a sphygmomanometer. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals alike!

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