Podcast
Questions and Answers
What affects the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What affects the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
- Heart rate and blood volume
- Cardiac output and arteriolar resistance (correct)
- Stroke volume and diaphragmatic movement
- Venous return and kidney function
How is cardiac output calculated?
How is cardiac output calculated?
- CO = PA - PV
- CO = HR x SV (correct)
- CO = SV/HF
- CO = HR + SV
What role does aldosterone play in mean arterial pressure?
What role does aldosterone play in mean arterial pressure?
- Decreases blood volume and pressure
- Dilates arterioles to lower resistance
- Increases reabsorption of salt and water (correct)
- Regulates heart rate directly
What happens to blood flow in relation to total resistance?
What happens to blood flow in relation to total resistance?
Which factor influences stroke volume?
Which factor influences stroke volume?
Which system controls blood volume and peripheral resistance?
Which system controls blood volume and peripheral resistance?
What governs local blood flow to tissues?
What governs local blood flow to tissues?
How is the distribution of blood related to mean arterial pressure?
How is the distribution of blood related to mean arterial pressure?
Which of the following is directly proportional to flow?
Which of the following is directly proportional to flow?
Which mechanism aids venous return?
Which mechanism aids venous return?
What is the definition of pulse pressure?
What is the definition of pulse pressure?
Which sound is first heard at the systolic pressure when measuring blood pressure?
Which sound is first heard at the systolic pressure when measuring blood pressure?
What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg?
What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg?
Which factor most significantly affects pulse pressure?
Which factor most significantly affects pulse pressure?
What happens to blood pressure as it flows through the circulatory system?
What happens to blood pressure as it flows through the circulatory system?
What is indicated by the silence heard when cuff pressure drops below diastolic blood pressure?
What is indicated by the silence heard when cuff pressure drops below diastolic blood pressure?
How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) most accurately described?
How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) most accurately described?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Korotkoff sounds?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Korotkoff sounds?
What is the primary role of baroreceptors in the body?
What is the primary role of baroreceptors in the body?
Which mechanism is responsible for a fast response to changes in blood pressure?
Which mechanism is responsible for a fast response to changes in blood pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the baroreceptor reflex?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the baroreceptor reflex?
In the context of the baroreceptor reflex, what does an increase in blood pressure trigger?
In the context of the baroreceptor reflex, what does an increase in blood pressure trigger?
What systemic response occurs due to activation of sympathetic neurons in the baroreceptor reflex?
What systemic response occurs due to activation of sympathetic neurons in the baroreceptor reflex?
How does the body compensate for low blood pressure during orthostatic hypotension?
How does the body compensate for low blood pressure during orthostatic hypotension?
What happens in the baroreceptor reflex when there is a sudden drop in blood pressure?
What happens in the baroreceptor reflex when there is a sudden drop in blood pressure?
Which of the following actions is a result of the baroreceptor reflex in response to increased blood pressure?
Which of the following actions is a result of the baroreceptor reflex in response to increased blood pressure?
What role do medullary cardiovascular control centers play in the baroreceptor reflex?
What role do medullary cardiovascular control centers play in the baroreceptor reflex?
What response occurs in the cardiovascular system during fast responses to increased blood pressure?
What response occurs in the cardiovascular system during fast responses to increased blood pressure?
Flashcards
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
Systolic Pressure
Systolic Pressure
The pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart.
Diastolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
Pulse Pressure
Pulse Pressure
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
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Korotkoff Sounds
Korotkoff Sounds
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Pressure Points
Pressure Points
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Factors Affecting Pulse Pressure
Factors Affecting Pulse Pressure
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
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Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
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Total Resistance
Total Resistance
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Arteriolar Diameter
Arteriolar Diameter
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
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Sympathetic Innervation
Sympathetic Innervation
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Parasympathetic Innervation
Parasympathetic Innervation
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone
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Blood Pressure Gradient
Blood Pressure Gradient
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Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors
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Fast Response Mechanism
Fast Response Mechanism
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Slow Response Mechanism
Slow Response Mechanism
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Natriuresis
Natriuresis
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Cardiovascular Control Center
Cardiovascular Control Center
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Efferent Path
Efferent Path
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation
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Sympathetic Neurons
Sympathetic Neurons
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Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic Hypotension
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Study Notes
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels
- Measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
- Highest in arteries, decreasing as it flows through the circulatory system
- Systolic pressure: pressure when the heart contracts
- Diastolic pressure: pressure when the heart relaxes
- Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
- Mean arterial pressure (MAP): average pressure over the cardiac cycle
- Formula for MAP: (2/3 x diastolic pressure) + (1/3 x systolic pressure)
- Normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg
Measuring Blood Pressure
- A blood pressure cuff is inflated to stop blood flow in an artery (e.g., brachial artery)
- A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds (Korotkoff sounds) as the cuff pressure is released.
- Systolic pressure: first sound heard
- Diastolic pressure: last sound heard
- The five Korotkoff sounds:
- First sound: tapping, repetitive clear sounds - systolic
- Second to fourth sounds: murmurs
- Fifth/final sound: crisp, loud sounds-diastolic
Pulse
- Pulse is a wave of pressure produced by the blood entering the arteries during systole
- Monitored at pressure points where the pulse is easily palpable
- Examples: temporal, facial, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis arteries
Factors affecting Mean Arterial Pressure
- Cardiac Output (CO)
- Heart Rate (HR): rate of heart contractions
- Stroke Volume (SV): amount of blood pumped per beat
- Peripheral Resistance (PR): opposition to blood flow in the arteries
- Arteriolar diameter: a key determinant of PR
- Blood Volume: total amount of blood in the body
- Includes fluid intake and fluid loss
- Factors Influencing Blood Volume Regulation and Control
- Neural control of heart rate and stroke volume
- Vascular smooth muscle responses
- Hormonal control and regulation
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): control of blood volume
- Baroreceptors and regulation of blood pressure
Control of Blood Pressure
- Fast response: baroreceptor reflex (within a few heartbeats)
- Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect pressure changes
- Slow response: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- A feedback loop that regulates blood volume
- Other factors impacting blood pressure (e.g., hormones and chemicals):
- Hormones: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
- Chemicals: Local mediators
- Mechanisms for regulating peripheral resistance:
- Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
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