Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for calculating blood pressure?

  • BP = CO / PR
  • BP = CO x PR (correct)
  • BP = CO - PR
  • BP = CO + PR

    • What contributes to peripheral resistance?

  • Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
  • Viscosity of the blood and force of contraction of the left ventricle
  • Viscosity of the blood and friction between the blood and the lumen of the vessel (correct)
  • Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

    • What is the maximum pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricle?

  • Systolic pressure (correct)
  • Peripheral resistance
  • Cardiac output
  • Diastolic pressure

    • What is the minimum pressure in the arteries during the end of ventricular relaxation?

    <p>Diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cardiac output dependent on?

    <p>Venous return and force of contraction of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes blood pressure to continuously fluctuate throughout the day?

    <p>Physical activity, emotional state, sleep, food digestion, and the time of the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sequela of myocardial infarction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heart failure characterized by?

    <p>Insufficient pumping of blood by the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a predisposing factor for heart failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of left heart failure?

    <p>Inadequate pumping of blood by the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hemodynamic change in right heart failure?

    <p>Back pressure in the systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of heart failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of left ventricular failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of systolic heart failure?

    <p>Inadequate pumping of blood by the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of right heart failure?

    <p>Congestion in the liver and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of heart failure classification?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidney in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>To release renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for high blood pressure with no specific underlying cause?

    <p>Primary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased cardiac output on blood pressure?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It retains fluid and sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for high blood pressure caused by an underlying disease or condition?

    <p>Secondary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal blood pressure range recommended by the American Heart Association?

    <p>Not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
    • Peripheral resistance is the resistance to the flow of blood caused by the friction between the blood and the lumen of the vessel.
    • Viscosity of the blood also contributes to peripheral resistance.

    Cardiac Output

    • Cardiac output depends on venous return and the force of contraction of the left ventricle.
    • Cardiac output affects peripheral resistance.

    Blood Pressure Regulation

    • Blood pressure continuously fluctuates throughout the day depending on physical activity, emotional state, sleep, food digestion, and the time of day.
    • Blood pressure can be regulated through the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

    Heart Failure

    • Heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.
    • Classification of heart failure can be based on the side or chambers involved, the phase of the cardiac cycle, or the onset of the failure.
    • Common causes of heart failure include long-standing uncontrolled hypertension, myocardial infarction, valvular disease, and cardiomyopathy.

    Hemodynamic Changes in Heart Failure

    • In left heart failure, the left ventricle fails to pump adequate blood, leading to high work load and ventricular enlargement.
    • In right heart failure, the right ventricle fails to pump adequately, leading to enlargement and congestion in the vena cava and systemic circulation.

    Types of Hypertension

    • Primary or essential hypertension has no specific underlying cause, accounting for about 90% of hypertensive patients.
    • Secondary hypertension has a specific underlying cause, and can be cured by treating the underlying cause.

    Normal Blood Pressure Range

    • The American Heart Association recommends a specific blood pressure range for normal blood pressure.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concept of blood pressure, its relationship with cardiac output and peripheral resistance, and how they affect the flow of blood.

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