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Questions and Answers
What plays a role in blood distribution and controlling blood pressure?
What plays a role in blood distribution and controlling blood pressure?
Arterioles
What is the primary factor that controls the blood flow to capillaries and blood pressure?
What is the primary factor that controls the blood flow to capillaries and blood pressure?
The aperture of arterioles
Capillary blood pressure is higher than blood pressure in high resistance arterioles.
Capillary blood pressure is higher than blood pressure in high resistance arterioles.
False
Why is capillary blood pressure lower than in arterioles?
Why is capillary blood pressure lower than in arterioles?
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Blood pressure is primarily controlled by heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance.
Blood pressure is primarily controlled by heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance.
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What activity raises blood pressure through arteriole vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output?
What activity raises blood pressure through arteriole vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output?
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What role does the kidney play in blood pressure regulation?
What role does the kidney play in blood pressure regulation?
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What are the receptors that detect changes in blood pressure?
What are the receptors that detect changes in blood pressure?
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Where are baroreceptors located?
Where are baroreceptors located?
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An increase in blood pressure causes a decrease in the frequency of action potentials from baroreceptors.
An increase in blood pressure causes a decrease in the frequency of action potentials from baroreceptors.
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What do baroreceptors send action potentials to?
What do baroreceptors send action potentials to?
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Baroreceptors are more sensitive to sudden decreases in blood pressure than sudden increases.
Baroreceptors are more sensitive to sudden decreases in blood pressure than sudden increases.
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What are the components involved in the baroreceptor reflex?
What are the components involved in the baroreceptor reflex?
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The baroreceptor reflex is a negative feedback mechanism.
The baroreceptor reflex is a negative feedback mechanism.
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What are atrial stretch receptors activated by?
What are atrial stretch receptors activated by?
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Atrial stretch receptors stimulate reflex tachycardia.
Atrial stretch receptors stimulate reflex tachycardia.
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What other effect do atrial stretch receptors have?
What other effect do atrial stretch receptors have?
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What is the technical term for listening to sounds within the body?
What is the technical term for listening to sounds within the body?
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Sounds are heard during laminar flow of blood.
Sounds are heard during laminar flow of blood.
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What sounds are heard when the cuff pressure is greater than diastolic but lower than systolic pressure?
What sounds are heard when the cuff pressure is greater than diastolic but lower than systolic pressure?
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What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
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The first Korotkoff sound is heard when the cuff pressure is equal to the systolic pressure.
The first Korotkoff sound is heard when the cuff pressure is equal to the systolic pressure.
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The last Korotkoff sound is heard when the cuff pressure is equal to the diastolic pressure.
The last Korotkoff sound is heard when the cuff pressure is equal to the diastolic pressure.
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The blood pressure cuff should be inflated above the diastolic pressure to occlude the artery.
The blood pressure cuff should be inflated above the diastolic pressure to occlude the artery.
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What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?
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What is the difference between pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?
What is the difference between pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?
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How is mean arterial pressure calculated?
How is mean arterial pressure calculated?
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A high pulse pressure indicates a strong heart beat.
A high pulse pressure indicates a strong heart beat.
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Study Notes
Blood Pressure
- Arterioles control blood distribution and blood pressure (BP) by adjusting the aperture (opening) of the vessels.
- Blood flow to capillaries is controlled by arterioles.
- Capillary BP is lower than arterial BP because capillaries are downstream from high-resistance arterioles.
- Capillary BP is also low due to the large total cross-sectional area of capillaries.
- BP is mainly controlled by heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and peripheral resistance.
- An increase in any of these factors can lead to increased BP.
- Sympathoadrenal activity increases BP via arteriole vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output (CO).
- The kidneys play a role in BP regulation by controlling blood volume and, thus, stroke volume.
Baroreceptor Reflex
- The baroreceptor reflex is activated by changes in BP.
- Baroreceptors (stretch receptors) are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
- Increased BP causes stretching of these regions, which increases the frequency of action potentials (APs).
- Baroreceptors send APs to vasomotor and cardiac control centers in the medulla.
- The baroreceptor reflex is most sensitive to decreases and sudden changes in BP.
Atrial Stretch Receptors
- Atrial stretch receptors are activated by increased venous return.
- Their activation triggers a reflex to reduce BP.
- This involves stimulating a reflex tachycardia (a slow increase in heart rate).
- They also inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release and promote the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Measurement of Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is measured using auscultation (listening).
- During normal blood flow (laminar flow), no sound is heard.
- Korotkoff sounds are heard when cuff pressure is greater than diastolic pressure but less than systolic pressure.
- The cuff temporarily obstructs blood flow in the artery.
- The first Korotkoff sound occurs when blood pressure forces blood through the constricted artery.
- The last sound occurs when cuff pressure is equal to diastolic pressure.
- Measurement of blood pressure is done by using a sphygmomanometer.
Pulse Pressure
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Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.
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Systolic pressure reflects the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts.
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Diastolic pressure represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.
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Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
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MAP is approximated because the diastolic period is longer than the systolic period.
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The formula for approximating MAP is: MAP = diastolic pressure + (1/3) * pulse pressure
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of blood pressure regulation, including the role of arterioles, the significance of capillary pressure, and the baroreceptor reflex. Understand how the heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance influence blood pressure, and learn about the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis.
