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What is the primary function of albumins in blood plasma?
What is the primary function of albumins in blood plasma?
Globulins are primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood.
Globulins are primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood.
False
What is the role of erythrocytes in the body?
What is the role of erythrocytes in the body?
Transport of oxygen
Fibrinogen is responsible for forming ________ during the clotting of blood.
Fibrinogen is responsible for forming ________ during the clotting of blood.
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Match the following plasma proteins with their functions:
Match the following plasma proteins with their functions:
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What is the primary function of carbon dioxide transport in erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of carbon dioxide transport in erythrocytes?
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Erythrocytes have a nucleus and other organelles.
Erythrocytes have a nucleus and other organelles.
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What is the diameter range of an erythrocyte?
What is the diameter range of an erythrocyte?
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Blood type is determined by the presence of ______ on the plasma membranes of RBCs.
Blood type is determined by the presence of ______ on the plasma membranes of RBCs.
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Which blood type contains both A and B antigens?
Which blood type contains both A and B antigens?
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Match the following ABO blood types with their corresponding antigens:
Match the following ABO blood types with their corresponding antigens:
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The presence of anti-A antibodies in the plasma indicates a Type B blood.
The presence of anti-A antibodies in the plasma indicates a Type B blood.
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What is the function of anti-A antibodies in an individual's blood plasma?
What is the function of anti-A antibodies in an individual's blood plasma?
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What is the primary function of eosinophils?
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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Neutrophils account for more than 50% of circulating white blood cells.
Neutrophils account for more than 50% of circulating white blood cells.
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What do basophils release to increase blood vessel permeability?
What do basophils release to increase blood vessel permeability?
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Monocytes become ____ when they enter peripheral tissues.
Monocytes become ____ when they enter peripheral tissues.
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Which type of lymphocytes is responsible for humoral immunity?
Which type of lymphocytes is responsible for humoral immunity?
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Match the following types of white blood cells with their primary function:
Match the following types of white blood cells with their primary function:
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What is the average lifespan of platelets?
What is the average lifespan of platelets?
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Natural killer (NK) cells help prevent cancer by detecting and destroying abnormal tissue cells.
Natural killer (NK) cells help prevent cancer by detecting and destroying abnormal tissue cells.
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What is the primary function of antibodies in relation to red blood cells?
What is the primary function of antibodies in relation to red blood cells?
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Rhesus Negative blood type has anti-Rhesus antibodies present at all times.
Rhesus Negative blood type has anti-Rhesus antibodies present at all times.
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What condition can occur due to Rhesus incompatibility during pregnancy?
What condition can occur due to Rhesus incompatibility during pregnancy?
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The only antigen in the Rhesus blood typing system is the _____ antigen.
The only antigen in the Rhesus blood typing system is the _____ antigen.
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What is the primary role of platelets in hemostasis?
What is the primary role of platelets in hemostasis?
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Match the following types of white blood cells with their functions:
Match the following types of white blood cells with their functions:
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The vascular phase of hemostasis involves the contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall.
The vascular phase of hemostasis involves the contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall.
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What is the role of RhoGam in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
What is the role of RhoGam in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
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What are the three phases of hemostasis?
What are the three phases of hemostasis?
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Neutrophils can live for several days in circulation.
Neutrophils can live for several days in circulation.
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What happens to a Rh-negative person who receives Rh-positive blood?
What happens to a Rh-negative person who receives Rh-positive blood?
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The __________ is the process of blood halting and involves the arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel.
The __________ is the process of blood halting and involves the arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel.
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White blood cells primarily lack _____, allowing them to perform their immune functions.
White blood cells primarily lack _____, allowing them to perform their immune functions.
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Which of the following chemicals do platelets produce to promote vascular spasms?
Which of the following chemicals do platelets produce to promote vascular spasms?
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Match the following pathways with their characteristics:
Match the following pathways with their characteristics:
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Before a blood transfusion, what is essential to determine between donor and recipient blood?
Before a blood transfusion, what is essential to determine between donor and recipient blood?
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The intrinsic pathway is a shorter and faster response compared to the extrinsic pathway.
The intrinsic pathway is a shorter and faster response compared to the extrinsic pathway.
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Platelet aggregation results in the formation of a __________ plug at the injury site.
Platelet aggregation results in the formation of a __________ plug at the injury site.
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Study Notes
Blood Overview
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma.
General Functions of Blood
- Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes.
- Regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids.
- Restricts fluid loss at injury sites.
- Provides defense against toxins and pathogens.
- Stabilizes body temperature.
Makeup of Blood
- Plasma (55%): Mostly water (91.5%), proteins (7%), and other substances (1.5%).
- Proteins include Albumin (maintains osmotic volume), Globulins (transport proteins and antibodies), and Fibrinogen (forms fibrin in clotting).
- Other substances include electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins.
- Formed Elements (<1%): Platelets and white blood cells.
- Red Blood Cells (45%): Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
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Functions:
- Transport oxygen: Hemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen. Oxygen binds to the heme component of hemoglobin.
- Transport carbon dioxide (23%): Carbon dioxide binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin.
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Structure:
- Biconcave, thin, and contain hemoglobin, devoid of a nucleus and other organelles.
- Diameter of 7.2-8.4 µm.
- Edge thickness of 2.85µm.
- Central region thickness of 0.45-1.16 µm.
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Features:
- Disc-shaped with a dent on each side, creating a large surface area for gas exchange.
- Lack of a nucleus to maximize space for hemoglobin and oxygen.
- Large surface area to volume ratio for efficient oxygen diffusion.
- Ability to form stacks (Rouleaux) in small capillaries to prevent blockage.
- Flexible to squeeze through capillaries of 4µm diameter.
- Contain 250 million hemoglobin molecules.
- Lacks most organelles to maximize space for hemoglobin
Blood Type
- Determined by the presence of antigens (agglutinogens) on RBC plasma membranes.
- Antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood serum against foreign agglutinogens.
- Agglutinogens and agglutinins are genetically determined and present throughout life.
- Antigens A, B, and Rh (Rhesus).
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ABO Blood Typing System: classifies blood based on presence of antigens A and B.
- Blood Types: A, B, AB, and O.
- Blood Type Antibodies: A blood type has anti-B antibodies; B blood type has anti-A antibodies; AB blood type has no antibodies; Type O blood type has both anti-A and anti-B blood antibodies.
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Rhesus (Rh) Blood Typing System: classifies blood based on presence of Rh antigen.
- Blood Types: RhPositive (Rh+) and RhNegative (Rh-).
Blood Compatibility and Transfusion
- Blood type compatibility is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.
- Compatibility testing involves determining blood type and cross-match tests.
- A cross-match test involves mixing a sample of donor blood with the recipient's blood, to determine possible reactions.
- If there is no apparent reaction the blood is considered compatible.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
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Functions:
- Lack hemoglobin.
- Mobile units of the immune system.
- Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells.
- 1 µL of blood contains 5,000-10,000 WBCs (compared to 4.2-6.3 million RBCs per µL).
- Located in connective tissue proper or lymphoid organs.
-
Types:
- Granulocytes (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Agranulocytes (e.g., monocytes, lymphocytes).
Platelets
- Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes.
- Flattened discs; appear spindle-shaped in blood smears.
- 4µm average diameter, and 1µm thick.
- Lack a nucleus.
- Lifespan of around 9-12 days; are phagocytized in the spleen.
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Functions:
- Release chemicals essential to the clotting process.
- Form a temporary patch in damaged blood vessel walls.
- Contract after clot formation.
Hemostasis
- The process of halting blood flow from a broken blood vessel.
- Involves three phases: vascular, platelet, and coagulation.
Hemostasis - Vascular Phase
- Vascular Spasm: the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall contracts and constricts to reduce blood flow.
- Endothelial Cells: the cells contract and expose basal lamina to the blood and release chemicals and hormones to regulate the process. The endothelial cells also become sticky, encouraging cells to stick together.
Hemostasis - Platelet Phase
- Platelet Adhesion: platelets stick to the damaged blood vessel's endothelium, basal lamina, or collagen fibers.
- Platelet Aggregation: platelets accumulate at the injury site and stick to each other to form a platelet plug.
- Platelet Activation: platelets then become spherical, develop cytoplasmic processes, and release chemicals (like ADP, thromboxane A2, serotonin) to further promote aggregation and constriction of the vessels to stop blood flow.
Hemostasis - Coagulation Phase
- This is the final phase of hemostasis.
- Coagulation: the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which creates a mesh to trap red blood cells and platelets, and form a blood clot.
- This phase involves a series of factors, including the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which result in the activation of enzymes that convert fibrinogen to fibrin. Ultimately creating a clot and stopping the bleeding.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics and functions of various blood plasma proteins, erythrocytes, and blood types. This quiz covers key concepts related to blood composition, including the roles of albumins, globulins, and erythrocytes, as well as the ABO blood group system. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of hematology.
