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Questions and Answers
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for directly mounting an immune response through cell attack?
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for directly mounting an immune response through cell attack?
What is a primary function of monocytes in the immune system?
What is a primary function of monocytes in the immune system?
What is the average count of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood?
What is the average count of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of chemotherapy on normal fast-growing cells?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of chemotherapy on normal fast-growing cells?
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What characteristic of red blood cells allows them to be flexible for passage through capillaries?
What characteristic of red blood cells allows them to be flexible for passage through capillaries?
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What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?
What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
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Which leukocyte is primarily involved in phagocytizing bacteria?
Which leukocyte is primarily involved in phagocytizing bacteria?
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What is the average concentration of prothrombin in plasma?
What is the average concentration of prothrombin in plasma?
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Which type of leukocyte is classified as an agranulocyte?
Which type of leukocyte is classified as an agranulocyte?
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What is a significant role of γ globulins in the plasma?
What is a significant role of γ globulins in the plasma?
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Which leukocyte has the shortest life span?
Which leukocyte has the shortest life span?
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What is the main function of fibrinogen in plasma?
What is the main function of fibrinogen in plasma?
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What is the role of von Willebrand factor in platelet plug formation?
What is the role of von Willebrand factor in platelet plug formation?
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Which substance acts to stimulate vasoconstriction during platelet plug formation?
Which substance acts to stimulate vasoconstriction during platelet plug formation?
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What is the consequence of excessive clotting?
What is the consequence of excessive clotting?
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Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down fibrin during fibrinolysis?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down fibrin during fibrinolysis?
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Which of the following anticoagulants is derived from animals?
Which of the following anticoagulants is derived from animals?
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How does warfarin function as an anticoagulant?
How does warfarin function as an anticoagulant?
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What is the relationship between clotting and fibrinolysis?
What is the relationship between clotting and fibrinolysis?
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Which of the following factors is NOT decreased by warfarin treatment?
Which of the following factors is NOT decreased by warfarin treatment?
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What is the primary organ that produces the majority of erythropoietin hormone?
What is the primary organ that produces the majority of erythropoietin hormone?
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Which blood component is essential for hemoglobin synthesis?
Which blood component is essential for hemoglobin synthesis?
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During post-natal life, where is the predominant site of red blood cell formation in adults?
During post-natal life, where is the predominant site of red blood cell formation in adults?
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What condition is defined as a decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration?
What condition is defined as a decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration?
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What nutrient is primarily found in red meat that plays a role in red blood cell maturation?
What nutrient is primarily found in red meat that plays a role in red blood cell maturation?
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Which hormone is known to stimulate the secretion of erythropoietin?
Which hormone is known to stimulate the secretion of erythropoietin?
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Which of the following factors primarily affects the formation of RBCs in individuals with a healthy liver?
Which of the following factors primarily affects the formation of RBCs in individuals with a healthy liver?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding blood groups?
Which of the following statements is true regarding blood groups?
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What percentage of blood volume does plasma constitute?
What percentage of blood volume does plasma constitute?
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Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen?
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What is the clinical term for the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells?
What is the clinical term for the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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Erythropoiesis occurs in which anatomical location during adulthood?
Erythropoiesis occurs in which anatomical location during adulthood?
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What triggers the secretion of erythropoietin in the body?
What triggers the secretion of erythropoietin in the body?
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What is the main component of plasma?
What is the main component of plasma?
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Which blood cells are primarily involved in the defense against infection?
Which blood cells are primarily involved in the defense against infection?
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Which blood group is characterized by the presence of both A and B agglutinogens on the red blood cell membrane?
Which blood group is characterized by the presence of both A and B agglutinogens on the red blood cell membrane?
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What is the primary reason Rh-ve mothers must receive Rhogam after the delivery of an Rh+ve fetus?
What is the primary reason Rh-ve mothers must receive Rhogam after the delivery of an Rh+ve fetus?
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What is the first step in the hemostasis process?
What is the first step in the hemostasis process?
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Which agglutinins are present in the plasma of blood group O?
Which agglutinins are present in the plasma of blood group O?
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Which substances are released during vascular spasms to initiate vasoconstriction?
Which substances are released during vascular spasms to initiate vasoconstriction?
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What is the main risk for an Rh-ve mother who does not receive Rhogam after having an Rh+ve baby?
What is the main risk for an Rh-ve mother who does not receive Rhogam after having an Rh+ve baby?
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Which of the following describes the state of a blood vessel right after its injury?
Which of the following describes the state of a blood vessel right after its injury?
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How does platelet aggregation contribute to hemostasis?
How does platelet aggregation contribute to hemostasis?
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Study Notes
Blood Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue, approximately 8% of the total body weight in an average 70kg man.
- Blood volume in females is 4-5 liters; in males it's 5-6 liters.
- Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
- Plasma is mainly water (90%), proteins (9%), and other solutes (1%).
- Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin.
- Formed elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets).
- Hematocrit (PCV) is the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood.
- RBCs are biconcave discs, flexible to pass through capillaries.
- RBCs contain hemoglobin for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
- RBCs lack a nucleus and mitochondria.
- Average RBC count: males 4.8-5.8 million/mm³ and females 4.2-5.2 million/mm³.
- RBC life span is 120 days.
- Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC formation.
- In utero: primarily in the liver and spleen.
- Post-natal: predominantly in red bone marrow.
- Children: axial and appendicular skeleton.
- Adults: Axial skeleton.
- The spleen is important in the removal of aged and damaged RBCs.
- Factors regulating erythropoiesis, including decreased oxygen supply (hypoxia) stimulating erythropoietin hormone production.
- The kidney produces 85% of the hormone, with the liver contributing 15%.
- Essential nutrients in erythropoiesis: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Folic acid, Vitamin B6, Amino acids, Vitamin C and Iron.
- Important hormones in erythropoiesis: Testosterone, Thyroid hormones and Cortisol.
- Healthy liver is critical: producing globin, storing Iron and vitamin B12, and generating erythropoietin.
- Healthy bone marrow is essential for erythropoiesis.
- Bone marrow can be impacted by irradiation and tumors.
- Anemia is a decrease in RBC count or hemoglobin concentration, decreasing oxygen supply to tissues.
- Types of Anemia: Macrocytic, Normocytic, and Microcytic based on RBC size.
- Classifications are also based on characteristics like: Iron deficiency, Folic acid deficiency, Pernicious anemia and Acute Bleeding etc.
- Blood groups are categorized based on antigens (agglutinogens) on RBC surfaces. This is the ABO system;
- Group A: has A antigens, B antibodies.
- Group B: has B antigens, A antibodies.
- Group AB: has A and B antigens, no antibodies.
- Group O: has no antigens, A and B antibodies.
- Blood groups are also determined by the presence or absence of Rh factor (antigen D).
- Rh+ve: has D antigen, Rh-ve: does not have D antigen.
- Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding. -The process takes place in stages; vascular spasms, platelet plugs, and coagulation.
- Anticoagulants are useful for preventing blood clotting.
- Examples include heparin, coumarins (e.g., warfarin), oxalate, citrate, and EDTA.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of blood physiology and pathophysiology. This quiz covers blood composition, functions, and critical metrics, including hematocrit and erythropoiesis. Test your understanding of blood components and their roles in human health.
