Blood Physiology and Hemoglobin Function

False (B)

gas transport

<p>release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early embryonic = Zeta Late embryonic/early fetal = Alpha Early fetal = Epsilon Late fetal/adult = Beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To deliver more oxygenated blood to tissues and compensate for reduced oxygen release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is isotonic to red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forward Grouping = Antisera + RBC Reverse Grouping = Serum + A/B cells Cell Suspension = 0.85% Saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the cells from damage during the freezing process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases from 98% to 75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2,3-DPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) = 21 days Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD/CP2D) = 21 days Citrate Phosphate Dextrose-Adenine (CPDA) = 35 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>42</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freezing = Rapidly cooling RBCs with a cryoprotective agent for long-term storage. Deglycerolization = Removing the cryoprotective agent from RBCs before transfusion. Additive Solution = Adding nutrients to extend the shelf-life of RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help maintain higher pH levels during storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased affinity, causing decreased oxygen release to tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the viscosity of the RBC concentrate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase ADP levels and ATP synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure even distribution and penetration of glycerol into the cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LISS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG facilitates sensitization but cannot achieve lattice formation alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AHG validation is correct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dilute the cell suspension to achieve optimal antigen-antibody proportions for agglutination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ABO antigens are larger polymers, resulting in more available binding sites for antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>prozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4+ = One solid agglutinate 3+ = Medium to large agglutinates 2+ = Small to medium agglutinates with a clear background 1+ = Small agglutinates with a turbulent background</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compacted cells forced together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixed field agglutination with a turbid background. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins embedded in the red blood cell membrane essential for function.

Proteins attached to the surface of RBC membranes, supporting structure.

Primary role is transporting oxygen to tissues and CO2 to lungs.

Graph showing the relationship between O2 pressure and hemoglobin saturation.

A molecule that binds to hemoglobin, reducing O2 affinity in T state.

The state of hemoglobin with higher oxygen affinity.

The change in hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen due to various factors.

Factors that decrease hemoglobin's oxygen affinity, promoting oxygen release.

Factors that increase hemoglobin's oxygen affinity, hindering oxygen release.

A molecule that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when increased.

Alterations in stored blood, causing lower oxygen delivery.

Substances added to blood to extend its viability during storage.

The type of container affects the viability of red blood cells during storage.

Compensatory response to deliver more oxygen to tissues by increasing heart rate and stroke volume.

Lower oxygen content in venous blood returning to the heart after tissue oxygenation.

Isotonic solution used to wash RBCs, preventing cell damage.

Procedure matching RBCs using antisera to determine blood type.

Procedure matching serum to determine blood type by testing against A/B cells.

Substances used to enhance antigen-antibody reactions in serological tests.

IgG is detected in the antihuman globulin phase due to its incomplete nature.

Antibodies produced from multiple clones targeting different antigens.

Test to evaluate the presence of antibodies attached to the surface of RBCs.

A procedure validating a negative AHG test to check for sensitization levels.

A test used to check the presence of antibodies in blood through agglutination.

Method of assessing the size and clarity of agglutination in blood tests.

False negative reaction occurring when excess antibodies prevent agglutination.

Measures the rise in platelet levels post transfusion to evaluate success.

Formation of a structure by immune complexes as antibodies bind to antigens.

Stacking of red blood cells due to increased plasma proteins, resembling coins.

Reaction seen when recent transfusion leads to mixed agglutination results.

Typically results in 3+/4+ agglutination due to large antibody polymers.

PVC materials can break or shatter when exposed to cold environments. This is especially important when handling components stored in PVC bags that may be frozen.

Additives extend the shelf-life of red blood cells (RBCs) to 42 days and improve plasma and platelet harvesting while reducing the viscosity of RBC concentrates.

Glycerol is a cryoprotective agent added to RBCs less than 6 days old; it protects the cells during freezing by penetrating them.

RBCs are mixed with glycerol and frozen quickly at temperatures below -65°C to preserve them for long-term storage.

Deglycerolization is required to remove glycerol before RBC transfusion; it is effective but can be time-consuming and expensive.

Frozen RBCs can be stored for up to 10 years, maintaining RBC viability and low leukocyte and platelet counts, but have strict storage requirements.

Low levels of 2,3-DPG can increase cardiac output but decrease mixed venous oxygen tension by making hemoglobin hold onto oxygen more tightly.

2,3-DPG helps regulate hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen; lower levels result in less oxygen release to tissues, affecting oxygen delivery.