Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the primary form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
Which of the following best describes the primary form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
- Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate. (correct)
- As free carbon dioxide gas.
- Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin.
- Attached to red blood cells.
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, how does the body respond to acidemia to restore normal blood pH?
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, how does the body respond to acidemia to restore normal blood pH?
- By increasing the rate of ventilation to expel more carbon dioxide. (correct)
- By decreasing the rate of ventilation to retain more carbon dioxide.
- By decreasing the production of bicarbonate in the kidneys.
- By increasing the reabsorption of hydrogen ions in the kidneys.
In the context of acid-base balance, what is carbaminohemoglobin?
In the context of acid-base balance, what is carbaminohemoglobin?
- A compound formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin. (correct)
- A protein that helps regulate blood pressure.
- A compound formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin.
- A buffer that neutralizes excess acid in the blood.
What best describes the role of the lungs in compensating for alkalemia?
What best describes the role of the lungs in compensating for alkalemia?
If a patient's blood pH is 7.30, which condition are they most likely experiencing?
If a patient's blood pH is 7.30, which condition are they most likely experiencing?
The reaction $H_2O + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^−$ illustrates how the body maintains pH balance. If the body needs to decrease acidity, which direction will this reaction shift?
The reaction $H_2O + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^−$ illustrates how the body maintains pH balance. If the body needs to decrease acidity, which direction will this reaction shift?
What is the primary effect of increased ventilation on blood pH?
What is the primary effect of increased ventilation on blood pH?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in respiratory acidosis?
In the context of acid-base balance, what does the term 'etiology' refer to?
In the context of acid-base balance, what does the term 'etiology' refer to?
What is the immediate compensatory mechanism the body employs to counteract a sudden increase in blood acidity?
What is the immediate compensatory mechanism the body employs to counteract a sudden increase in blood acidity?
Which condition is characterized by a blood pH exceeding 7.45?
Which condition is characterized by a blood pH exceeding 7.45?
How does the proportion of carbon dioxide transported as carbaminohemoglobin compare to that transported as bicarbonate?
How does the proportion of carbon dioxide transported as carbaminohemoglobin compare to that transported as bicarbonate?
What is the expected ventilatory response in a patient experiencing metabolic alkalosis?
What is the expected ventilatory response in a patient experiencing metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
Considering the equation $H_2O + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^-$, what happens to the concentration of $H^+$ ions when ventilation decreases?
Considering the equation $H_2O + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^-$, what happens to the concentration of $H^+$ ions when ventilation decreases?
What is the primary role of the kidneys in long-term compensation for acid-base imbalances?
What is the primary role of the kidneys in long-term compensation for acid-base imbalances?
Which process would shift the equilibrium of the reaction $H_2O + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^−$ to the left?
Which process would shift the equilibrium of the reaction $H_2O + CO_2 \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^−$ to the left?
How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
What is the clinical significance of understanding Le Chatelier’s principle in the context of acid-base balance?
What is the clinical significance of understanding Le Chatelier’s principle in the context of acid-base balance?
Which of the following best explains why smokers are at a higher risk of developing acid-base imbalances?
Which of the following best explains why smokers are at a higher risk of developing acid-base imbalances?
Flashcards
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
A compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, transporting CO2 in the blood to the lungs.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Le Chatelier’s Principle
If a system at equilibrium changes, the equilibrium shifts to minimise the change.
Acidemia
Acidemia
An excess of acid in the blood, causing blood pH to drop below 7.35.
Alkalemia
Alkalemia
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Acid-Base Imbalance
Acid-Base Imbalance
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Acidosis
Acidosis
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Alkalosis
Alkalosis
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Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
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Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
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Expiration
Expiration
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Compensatory Response to Acidemia
Compensatory Response to Acidemia
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Compensatory Response to Alkalemia
Compensatory Response to Alkalemia
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Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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Study Notes
- Hydrogen ions (H+) are transported in the blood with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- 60% of carbon dioxide is carried as dissolved bicarbonate.
- A small portion of carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin, for transport to the lungs.
- Le Chatelier’s principle dictates that the body adjusts ventilation rate to correct pH imbalances.
- Ventilation rate increases to expel more CO2 in acidemia, and the opposite occurs in alkalemia.
- Carbaminohemoglobin is a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, one way carbon dioxide exists in the blood.
- Le Chatelier’s principle describes how a system at equilibrium minimizes changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure.
- Blood pH must be maintained within the range of 7.35 to 7.45.
- Acidemia indicates an excess of acid in the blood.
- Alkalemia indicates an excess of base in the blood.
- Imbalances are classified by cause (respiratory or metabolic) and pH direction (acidosis or alkalosis).
- The four basic processes of acid-base imbalances are: metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and respiratory alkalosis.
- Most CO2 is transported as dissolved bicarbonate in plasma (60%).
- A smaller CO2 fraction binds to hemoglobin inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin.
- Ventilation rate adjustments provide short-term compensation for acid-base imbalances, altering blood CO2 levels and pH.
- In acidemia (low blood pH), the body increases breathing to expel more CO2, raising the pH.
- In alkalemia, the opposite occurs to retain CO2 and lower the pH.
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