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Questions and Answers
What pH level is considered alkalosis?
Hypoventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis.
False
Define the term 'metabolic acidosis'.
A condition characterized by low plasma bicarbonate concentration.
An increase in carbon dioxide due to inadequate ventilation produces ________ acidosis.
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Match the conditions with their corresponding effects:
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Which system plays a role in maintaining free-bicarbonate concentration?
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Carbon dioxide is referred to as a nonvolatile acid.
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The normal pH of arterial blood is ________.
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What does lung compliance refer to?
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) results from increased lung compliance.
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What is the role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome primarily affects infants born before ___ weeks of gestation.
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Match the conditions with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure is equal to the pressures of the individual gases.
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What condition is characterized by increased capillary permeability and fluid in the lungs?
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What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?
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The right lung consists of two lobes.
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
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The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called the ______.
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Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:
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Which of the following best describes ventilation?
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What does the partial pressure of a gas in a dry gas mixture depend on?
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The concentration of dissolved gases in blood directly affects pO2 measurements.
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Expiration occurs when the atmospheric pressure is greater than the intrapulmonary pressure.
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What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?
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What must be taken into account when calculating the partial pressure of a gas in a wet gas mixture?
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The lungs are innervated by the ______ and sympathetic nervous systems.
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The rhythmicity center in the ______ directly controls the muscles of respiration.
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Match the following parts of the respiratory pathway with their order:
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What can abnormally high partial pressures of gases in blood cause?
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Match the respiratory centers with their functions:
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Blood flow in the lungs does not need to match air flow for adequate gas exchange.
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What is the normal pO2 level of arterial blood in mmHg?
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What is hemoglobin called when it is attached to carbon monoxide?
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Hemoglobin is completely saturated when all heme units are bound with carbon dioxide.
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What effect does a rise in temperature have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
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The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is called _______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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During exercise, which of the following changes occur in the blood?
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A fall in pH increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
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What is the normal arterial blood pH?
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Study Notes
Blood pH
- The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.40, with a range of 7.35 to 7.45.
- pH below 7.35 is termed acidosis.
- pH above 7.45 is termed alkalosis.
Carbon Dioxide and Blood pH
- Carbon dioxide, a volatile acid, can be eliminated in exhaled breath and contributes to the blood pH.
- Nonvolatile acids, like lactic acid and ketone bodies, are buffered by bicarbonate.
Respiratory Acidosis
- Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis.
- Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis.
Metabolic Acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis stimulates hyperventilation.
- This causes respiratory alkalosis as a partial compensation.
Blood pH Maintenance
- Blood pH is maintained by a proper ratio of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.
Lung and Kidney Function
- Lungs maintain the correct carbon dioxide concentration.
- Kidneys maintain the free-bicarbonate concentration.
Intrapleural and Intrapulmonary Pressure
- Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the lungs.
- Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity.
- The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that surrounds the lungs.
- The pressure difference between these spaces is essential for breathing.
Ventilation
- Inspiration: Air moves into the lungs when atmospheric pressure is greater than the intrapulmonary pressure.
- Expiration: Air moves out of the lungs when intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
- Boyle’s Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, thus, changes in the volume of the lungs cause changes in pressure.
Pulmonary Surfactant
- Pulmonary surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveoli.
- This facilitates lung expansion and prevents collapse of alveoli.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
- RDS occurs in premature infants due to lack of surfactant.
- The lungs collapse due to a lack of surface tension.
- RDS can lead to difficulty breathing, cyanosis, and respiratory failure.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- ARDS occurs in people with lung injury, often caused by sepsis.
- Inflammation leads to increased capillary permeability, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.
- This reduces lung compliance (ability to expand) and surfactant production, further decreasing compliance.
Diseases Associated with Breathing
- Bronchial asthma: This condition causes inflammation and bronchospasm, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, and chest tightness.
- Pneumothorax: This occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse.
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): This encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis, characterized by airflow obstruction and damage to the lungs.
- Sleep apnea: This disorder involves repeated interruption of breathing during sleep, leading to fatigue, headaches, and other disturbances.
Dalton’s Law
- The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture.
Henry’s Law
- The amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the fluid.
Gas Exchange
- Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane, which consists of the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium.
- The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs by simple diffusion, following the partial pressure gradients.
Oxygen Transport
- Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to hemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin saturation (% of binding sites occupied by oxygen) is determined by the partial pressure of oxygen.
- The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates this relationship.
Bohr Effect
- A decrease in pH or increase in temperature reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This promotes oxygen unloading.
- 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) also reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- In the blood, carbon dioxide is transported in three forms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate.
- Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in red blood cells, facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.
Regulation of Breathing
- The rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata controls the basic rhythm of breathing.
- The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons fine-tune breathing.
- Sensory feedback, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors, provide input to regulate breathing.
- Voluntary control of breathing can be exerted by the cerebral cortex.
Diseases associated with the Respiratory System
- Emphysema: A condition characterized by destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange and difficulty exhaling.
- Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation and irritation of the bronchi, leading to mucus buildup, coughing, and shortness of breath.
- Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that causes thick mucus buildup in the lungs, leading to recurrent lung infections and other complications.
- Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause inflammation and fluid buildup, leading to coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
- Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, leading to chronic cough, fever, and weight loss.
- Lung Cancer: A malignant tumor that forms in the lungs, often leading to coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The most common cause is smoking.
- Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
- Pulmonary Embolism: A blood clot that travels to the lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery, leading to chest pain, shortness of breath, and potentially death.
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Description
This quiz explores the essentials of blood pH regulation, including the roles of carbon dioxide, the lungs, and kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance. It examines conditions such as respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Test your understanding of how pH influences physiological processes.