Blood pH Regulation and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What pH level is considered alkalosis?

  • pH between 7.35 and 7.45
  • pH above 7.45 (correct)
  • pH below 7.35
  • pH exactly 7.40

    • Hypoventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis.

    False

    Define the term 'metabolic acidosis'.

    A condition characterized by low plasma bicarbonate concentration.

    An increase in carbon dioxide due to inadequate ventilation produces ________ acidosis.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions with their corresponding effects:

    <p>Hyperventilation = Respiratory alkalosis Hypoventilation = Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis = Stimulates hyperventilation Inadequate ventilation = Increases blood pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system plays a role in maintaining free-bicarbonate concentration?

    <p>Renal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is referred to as a nonvolatile acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal pH of arterial blood is ________.

    <p>7.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lung compliance refer to?

    <p>The change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) results from increased lung compliance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>It lowers surface tension in the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory Distress Syndrome primarily affects infants born before ___ weeks of gestation.

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Pneumothorax = Collapse of the lung due to air in the pleural space COPD = Chronic lung diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis Sleep apnea = Cessation of breathing during sleep Bronchial asthma = Respiratory condition characterized by wheezing and difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure is equal to the pressures of the individual gases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by increased capillary permeability and fluid in the lungs?

    <p>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right lung consists of two lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>To aid in gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called the ______.

    <p>pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Pulmonary artery = Returns oxygenated blood to the heart Pulmonary veins = Provides deoxygenated blood to the capillaries Obstructive airway = Aids in gas exchange Pleural fluid = Lubricates and reduces friction during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes ventilation?

    <p>The movement of air into and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the partial pressure of a gas in a dry gas mixture depend on?

    <p>The total pressure times the percent composition of that gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of dissolved gases in blood directly affects pO2 measurements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expiration occurs when the atmospheric pressure is greater than the intrapulmonary pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be taken into account when calculating the partial pressure of a gas in a wet gas mixture?

    <p>Water vapor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs are innervated by the ______ and sympathetic nervous systems.

    <p>parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rhythmicity center in the ______ directly controls the muscles of respiration.

    <p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory pathway with their order:

    <p>Nasal passages = 1 Pharynx = 2 Larynx = 3 Trachea = 4 Bronchi = 5 Alveoli = 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can abnormally high partial pressures of gases in blood cause?

    <p>Oxygen toxicity and nitrogen narcosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory centers with their functions:

    <p>Medulla oblongata = Controls muscles of respiration Apneustic center = Stimulates prolonged inhalation Pneumotaxic center = Regulates the rate of breathing Cerebral cortex = Allows conscious control of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow in the lungs does not need to match air flow for adequate gas exchange.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pO2 level of arterial blood in mmHg?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemoglobin called when it is attached to carbon monoxide?

    <p>Carboxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin is completely saturated when all heme units are bound with carbon dioxide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a rise in temperature have on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

    <p>It decreases the affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is called _______.

    <p>carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Oxyhemoglobin = Hemoglobin bound to oxygen Methemoglobin = Oxidized hemoglobin unable to transport gases 2,3-DPG = Organic molecule influencing hemoglobin affinity Bohr effect = Influence of pH on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, which of the following changes occur in the blood?

    <p>Decrease in venous pO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fall in pH increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal arterial blood pH?

    <p>7.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood pH

    • The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.40, with a range of 7.35 to 7.45.
    • pH below 7.35 is termed acidosis.
    • pH above 7.45 is termed alkalosis.

    Carbon Dioxide and Blood pH

    • Carbon dioxide, a volatile acid, can be eliminated in exhaled breath and contributes to the blood pH.
    • Nonvolatile acids, like lactic acid and ketone bodies, are buffered by bicarbonate.

    Respiratory Acidosis

    • Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis.
    • Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis.

    Metabolic Acidosis

    • Metabolic acidosis stimulates hyperventilation.
    • This causes respiratory alkalosis as a partial compensation.

    Blood pH Maintenance

    • Blood pH is maintained by a proper ratio of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.

    Lung and Kidney Function

    • Lungs maintain the correct carbon dioxide concentration.
    • Kidneys maintain the free-bicarbonate concentration.

    Intrapleural and Intrapulmonary Pressure 

    • Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the lungs.
    • Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity.
    • The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that surrounds the lungs.
    • The pressure difference between these spaces is essential for breathing.

    Ventilation

    • Inspiration: Air moves into the lungs when atmospheric pressure is greater than the intrapulmonary pressure.
    • Expiration: Air moves out of the lungs when intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
    • Boyle’s Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, thus, changes in the volume of the lungs cause changes in pressure.

    Pulmonary Surfactant

    • Pulmonary surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveoli.
    • This facilitates lung expansion and prevents collapse of alveoli.

    Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

    • RDS occurs in premature infants due to lack of surfactant.
    • The lungs collapse due to a lack of surface tension.
    • RDS can lead to difficulty breathing, cyanosis, and respiratory failure.

    Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

    • ARDS occurs in people with lung injury, often caused by sepsis.
    • Inflammation leads to increased capillary permeability, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.
    • This reduces lung compliance (ability to expand) and surfactant production, further decreasing compliance.

    Diseases Associated with Breathing

    • Bronchial asthma: This condition causes inflammation and bronchospasm, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, and chest tightness.
    • Pneumothorax: This occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse.
    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): This encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis, characterized by airflow obstruction and damage to the lungs.
    • Sleep apnea: This disorder involves repeated interruption of breathing during sleep, leading to fatigue, headaches, and other disturbances.

    Dalton’s Law 

    • The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture. 

    Henry’s Law

    • The amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the fluid.

    Gas Exchange

    • Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane, which consists of the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium.
    • The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs by simple diffusion, following the partial pressure gradients.

    Oxygen Transport 

    • Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to hemoglobin.
    • Hemoglobin saturation (% of binding sites occupied by oxygen) is determined by the partial pressure of oxygen.
    • The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates this relationship.

    Bohr Effect

    • A decrease in pH or increase in temperature reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This promotes oxygen unloading.
    • 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) also reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • In the blood, carbon dioxide is transported in three forms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate.
    • Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme present in red blood cells, facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.

    Regulation of Breathing

    • The rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata controls the basic rhythm of breathing.
    • The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons fine-tune breathing.
    • Sensory feedback, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors, provide input to regulate breathing.
    • Voluntary control of breathing can be exerted by the cerebral cortex.

    Diseases associated with the Respiratory System

    • Emphysema: A condition characterized by destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange and difficulty exhaling.
    • Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation and irritation of the bronchi, leading to mucus buildup, coughing, and shortness of breath.
    • Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that causes thick mucus buildup in the lungs, leading to recurrent lung infections and other complications.
    • Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause inflammation and fluid buildup, leading to coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
    • Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, leading to chronic cough, fever, and weight loss.
    • Lung Cancer: A malignant tumor that forms in the lungs, often leading to coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The most common cause is smoking.
    • Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
    • Pulmonary Embolism: A blood clot that travels to the lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery, leading to chest pain, shortness of breath, and potentially death.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essentials of blood pH regulation, including the roles of carbon dioxide, the lungs, and kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance. It examines conditions such as respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Test your understanding of how pH influences physiological processes.

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