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Questions and Answers
What is the extraction ratio at rest?
Which term refers to keeping the environment around the cell constant?
What happens when Po2 is decreased up to 40%?
What is the dangerous effect of changing concentrations for H2 or Na+?
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What shape is mentioned in relation to the effect of decreasing Po2?
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What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood if a person breathes pure oxygen?
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How does breathing pure oxygen affect oxygen in the blood?
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What is the impact of free radicals formed from oxygen species on cells?
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What term is used to describe oxygen species that can destroy cellular components?
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Why is breathing pure oxygen potentially harmful to cells?
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What is the minimum Po2 level needed in zone 3 for the content of O2 to be 18 or higher?
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When the Po2 doubles to 200, what happens to the saturation of Hbs?
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What is the amount of O2 needed for cells in relaxation when Po2 is 60 or higher in zone 3?
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What is the feedback type in the respiratory system regarding O2 levels?
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What happens to impulses from the respiratory centers when Po2 reaches 200?
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What is the percentage of oxygen that is dissolved in plasma?
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What is the formula to calculate the oxygen concentration dissolved in plasma according to Henry's Law?
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How much oxygen can 1 gram of hemoglobin maximally bind reversibly?
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What is the average hemoglobin concentration in the blood for males?
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If we have 1 dl of blood, how much oxygen in total (in ml) is present (both dissolved and bound)?
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What happens when a baby takes their first breath?
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What is the role of bone marrow when a baby takes its first breath?
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How many types of substances does the bone marrow release when a baby takes their first breath?
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What initiates the release of (2α 2β) from the bone marrow in a newborn?
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Which of the following substances is released by the bone marrow when a baby takes their first breath?
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What percentage of saturation is achieved when hemoglobin binds to 2 molecules of O2?
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At what percentage of saturation is hemoglobin when it binds to 3 molecules of O2?
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How much saturation is achieved by hemoglobin when it releases all O2 molecules?
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If hemoglobin binds to 1 molecule of O2, what percentage of saturation does it achieve?
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What happens to hemoglobin saturation when it binds to 4 molecules of O2?
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Why is high apical PO2 unable to correct low PO2 (base) when mixed in the left ventricle or left atrium?
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What effect does mixing high apical PO2 and low base PO2 have on oxygen content in the blood?
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What is the consequence of having high apical PO2 mixing with low base PO2 in terms of oxygen delivery to tissues?
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How does the interaction between high apical PO2 and low base PO2 influence oxygen-hemoglobin saturation?
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What role does the left ventricle or left atrium play in maintaining oxygen levels when high apical PO2 mixes with low base PO2?
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What is the consequence of Po2 reaching 200 in terms of the respiratory centers?
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What is the oxygen content required by cells in relaxation when Po2 = 60 or higher in zone 3?
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What type of feedback is involved in the respiratory system regarding oxygen levels?
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What happens to the saturation of Hbs when Po2 doubles to 200?
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Which zone is defined by a Po2 range of 60-100 where the cells need 5 ml of oxygen?
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What happens to ventilation when ascending to high altitudes?
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At what point does hyperventilation occur during the ascent to high altitudes?
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What is the relationship between altitude and partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) during ascent?
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How does ventilation change as one climbs to higher altitudes?
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When ascending to high altitudes, what happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) as the altitude increases?
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What is the Po2 value for the numbers discussed in the text?
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In what zone does the content of O2 need to be 18 or higher when Po2 is 40?
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What is the impact on O2 saturation of Hbs when Po2 doubles to 200?
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When does the bone marrow release (2α 2β) in a newborn?
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What is the extraction ratio when a person is at rest?
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What type of curve is created by the phenomena of sigmoidal binding of oxygen to Hb?
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In which zone does hemoglobin find it most difficult to bind to oxygen?
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At which point does the process of binding oxygen to hemoglobin get easier?
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What characteristic shape does the sigmoid curve exhibit due to the varying ease of binding oxygen to hemoglobin?
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Which zone presents a challenge for hemoglobin to be fully saturated with oxygen?
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What is the main factor that causes the shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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In fetal hemoglobin (HBF), what prevents the binding of 2-3 DPG to hemoglobin?
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What is the consequence of having high 2-3 DPG levels in relation to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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What structural difference between adult and embryonic hemoglobin prevents 2-3 DPG binding in embryos?
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Which factor contributes to a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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What is the maximum amount of oxygen in milliliters that 1 gram of hemoglobin can reversibly bind to?
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If the oxygen concentration dissolved in plasma is 0.3 ml/dl, and the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is 20 ml/dl, what is the total oxygen content for 1 dl of blood?
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What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
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For males, what is the average concentration of hemoglobin in the blood in grams per deciliter?
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If a female's hemoglobin concentration in the blood is 13 g/dl, how much oxygen (in ml) can be bound by 1 dl of blood?
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What is the potential consequence of a person breathing pure oxygen, which leads to a decrease in PO2 in blood?
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In the context provided, what is the implication of PO2 in blood decreasing from 760 mmHg to 650 mmHg due to breathing pure oxygen?
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What is the primary effect of high apical PO2 in the presence of low base PO2 when considering oxygen utilization in tissues?
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When a person breathes pure oxygen and the PO2 in blood decreases, what is the likely impact on cellular components due to the generation of free radicals?
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What is the expected outcome when the PO2 in blood changes from 760 mmHg to 650 mmHg as a person breathes pure oxygen?
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What effect does an increase in temperature and binding to 2-3 DPG have on oxygen?
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How does binding to 2-3 DPG affect the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?
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What role does 2-3 DPG play in the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?
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How does a decrease in temperature affect the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
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What is the impact of binding to 2-3 DPG on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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