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Questions and Answers

What is the extraction ratio at rest?

  • 20%
  • 25% (correct)
  • 30%
  • 15%

    • Which term refers to keeping the environment around the cell constant?

  • Homeostasis (correct)
  • Isotonicity
  • Hypotonicity
  • Hypertonicity

    • What happens when Po2 is decreased up to 40%?

  • It increases oxygen amount
  • It decreases oxygen amount
  • It has no effect on oxygen amount (correct)
  • It stops oxygen transport

    • What is the dangerous effect of changing concentrations for H2 or Na+?

    <p>It's different from O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is mentioned in relation to the effect of decreasing Po2?

    <p>Sigmoidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood if a person breathes pure oxygen?

    <p>Decreases to 650 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does breathing pure oxygen affect oxygen in the blood?

    <p>It turns oxygen into free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of free radicals formed from oxygen species on cells?

    <p>They destroy DNA, proteins, and cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe oxygen species that can destroy cellular components?

    <p>Oxygen radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is breathing pure oxygen potentially harmful to cells?

    <p>Due to the conversion of oxygen into damaging species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum Po2 level needed in zone 3 for the content of O2 to be 18 or higher?

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the Po2 doubles to 200, what happens to the saturation of Hbs?

    <p>All Hbs are fully saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of O2 needed for cells in relaxation when Po2 is 60 or higher in zone 3?

    <p>5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feedback type in the respiratory system regarding O2 levels?

    <p>Half tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to impulses from the respiratory centers when Po2 reaches 200?

    <p>They are not sent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen that is dissolved in plasma?

    <p>1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the oxygen concentration dissolved in plasma according to Henry's Law?

    <p>[O2] = PaO2 x SO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much oxygen can 1 gram of hemoglobin maximally bind reversibly?

    <p>1.34 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average hemoglobin concentration in the blood for males?

    <p>14 g/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If we have 1 dl of blood, how much oxygen in total (in ml) is present (both dissolved and bound)?

    <p>20.3 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a baby takes their first breath?

    <p>Bone marrow releases 2α 2β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bone marrow when a baby takes its first breath?

    <p>Releasing (2α 2β)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of substances does the bone marrow release when a baby takes their first breath?

    <p>(2α 2β)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of (2α 2β) from the bone marrow in a newborn?

    <p>First cry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is released by the bone marrow when a baby takes their first breath?

    <p>(2α 2β)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of saturation is achieved when hemoglobin binds to 2 molecules of O2?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what percentage of saturation is hemoglobin when it binds to 3 molecules of O2?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much saturation is achieved by hemoglobin when it releases all O2 molecules?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If hemoglobin binds to 1 molecule of O2, what percentage of saturation does it achieve?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin saturation when it binds to 4 molecules of O2?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is high apical PO2 unable to correct low PO2 (base) when mixed in the left ventricle or left atrium?

    <p>Mixing of high and low PO2 levels causes a decrease in overall oxygen content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does mixing high apical PO2 and low base PO2 have on oxygen content in the blood?

    <p>Decreases oxygen content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having high apical PO2 mixing with low base PO2 in terms of oxygen delivery to tissues?

    <p>Less efficient oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the interaction between high apical PO2 and low base PO2 influence oxygen-hemoglobin saturation?

    <p>Decreases saturation levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the left ventricle or left atrium play in maintaining oxygen levels when high apical PO2 mixes with low base PO2?

    <p>Actively balances the mixed PO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Po2 reaching 200 in terms of the respiratory centers?

    <p>Impulses are not sent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxygen content required by cells in relaxation when Po2 = 60 or higher in zone 3?

    <p>5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback is involved in the respiratory system regarding oxygen levels?

    <p>Half tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the saturation of Hbs when Po2 doubles to 200?

    <p>Hbs are fully saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is defined by a Po2 range of 60-100 where the cells need 5 ml of oxygen?

    <p>Zone 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ventilation when ascending to high altitudes?

    <p>It decreases gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does hyperventilation occur during the ascent to high altitudes?

    <p>Po2 = 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between altitude and partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) during ascent?

    <p>Po2 decreases gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ventilation change as one climbs to higher altitudes?

    <p>It decreases due to reduced Po2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When ascending to high altitudes, what happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) as the altitude increases?

    <p>It decreases gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Po2 value for the numbers discussed in the text?

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what zone does the content of O2 need to be 18 or higher when Po2 is 40?

    <p>Zone 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact on O2 saturation of Hbs when Po2 doubles to 200?

    <p>Remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the bone marrow release (2α 2β) in a newborn?

    <p>When they take their first breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extraction ratio when a person is at rest?

    <p>$\frac{1}{3}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of curve is created by the phenomena of sigmoidal binding of oxygen to Hb?

    <p>Sigmoid curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone does hemoglobin find it most difficult to bind to oxygen?

    <p>First zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which point does the process of binding oxygen to hemoglobin get easier?

    <p>Second zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic shape does the sigmoid curve exhibit due to the varying ease of binding oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>Convex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone presents a challenge for hemoglobin to be fully saturated with oxygen?

    <p>Third zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that causes the shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Low 2-3 DPG levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fetal hemoglobin (HBF), what prevents the binding of 2-3 DPG to hemoglobin?

    <p>Presence of 2 α and 2 γ chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having high 2-3 DPG levels in relation to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shift to the right (lower affinity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural difference between adult and embryonic hemoglobin prevents 2-3 DPG binding in embryos?

    <p>Presence of 2 α and 2 γ chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Decreased H+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum amount of oxygen in milliliters that 1 gram of hemoglobin can reversibly bind to?

    <p>2.5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the oxygen concentration dissolved in plasma is 0.3 ml/dl, and the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is 20 ml/dl, what is the total oxygen content for 1 dl of blood?

    <p>20.3 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

    <p>3.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For males, what is the average concentration of hemoglobin in the blood in grams per deciliter?

    <p>15 g/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a female's hemoglobin concentration in the blood is 13 g/dl, how much oxygen (in ml) can be bound by 1 dl of blood?

    <p>17.82 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a person breathing pure oxygen, which leads to a decrease in PO2 in blood?

    <p>Generation of free radicals that can damage cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context provided, what is the implication of PO2 in blood decreasing from 760 mmHg to 650 mmHg due to breathing pure oxygen?

    <p>Formation of oxygen free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high apical PO2 in the presence of low base PO2 when considering oxygen utilization in tissues?

    <p>Ineffective oxygen delivery to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a person breathes pure oxygen and the PO2 in blood decreases, what is the likely impact on cellular components due to the generation of free radicals?

    <p>Damage to DNA, proteins, and cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome when the PO2 in blood changes from 760 mmHg to 650 mmHg as a person breathes pure oxygen?

    <p>Generation of harmful oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in temperature and binding to 2-3 DPG have on oxygen?

    <p>Increases the release of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binding to 2-3 DPG affect the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen?

    <p>Decreases hemoglobin saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does 2-3 DPG play in the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a decrease in temperature affect the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

    <p>Decreases the release of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of binding to 2-3 DPG on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shifts it to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

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