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Questions and Answers
What are the processes that control the transport of water and fluids between intravascular and extravascular spaces?
What are the processes that control the transport of water and fluids between intravascular and extravascular spaces?
- Diffusion and active transport
- Osmosis and ultra-filtration (correct)
- Endocytosis and exocytosis
- Filtration and absorption
What controls the movement of substances across the blood vessels?
What controls the movement of substances across the blood vessels?
- Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure (correct)
- Colloid osmotic pressure only
- Albumin concentration
- Hydrostatic pressure only
What constitutes about 6-10% of the body weight?
What constitutes about 6-10% of the body weight?
- Blood cells and plasma (correct)
- Lymphatic fluid
- Plasma only
- Blood cells only
Which physiological factor increases blood volume?
Which physiological factor increases blood volume?
Which pathological factor decreases blood volume?
Which pathological factor decreases blood volume?
What is the difference between ultrafiltration and osmosis?
What is the difference between ultrafiltration and osmosis?
What is the main function of the regulation of the red cell volume during hemorrhage?
What is the main function of the regulation of the red cell volume during hemorrhage?
What is the primary function of the regulation of plasma volume by rapid mechanism?
What is the primary function of the regulation of plasma volume by rapid mechanism?
What does an increased packed cell volume (PCV) indicate?
What does an increased packed cell volume (PCV) indicate?
In which animals are the erythrocytes distinctly biconcave disks?
In which animals are the erythrocytes distinctly biconcave disks?
What substance is impermeable to the cell membrane of erythrocytes?
What substance is impermeable to the cell membrane of erythrocytes?
What is the main function of the plasticity of the cell membrane of erythrocytes?
What is the main function of the plasticity of the cell membrane of erythrocytes?
Which animals have elliptical erythrocytes?
Which animals have elliptical erythrocytes?
What does an increased packed cell volume (PCV) indicate?
What does an increased packed cell volume (PCV) indicate?
What is the measurement of the ratio of the volume occupied by the RBCs to the volume of the whole blood called?
What is the measurement of the ratio of the volume occupied by the RBCs to the volume of the whole blood called?
What is the main function of mast cells and basophils in the immediate response stage of the inflammatory process?
What is the main function of mast cells and basophils in the immediate response stage of the inflammatory process?
What is the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
What is the purpose of increased capillary permeability in the inflammatory response?
What is the purpose of increased capillary permeability in the inflammatory response?
What is the immediate response of macrophages to bacteria invasion?
What is the immediate response of macrophages to bacteria invasion?
What is the effect of histamine release by mast cells and basophils in the inflammatory response?
What is the effect of histamine release by mast cells and basophils in the inflammatory response?
What is the function of monocytes in the inflammatory response?
What is the function of monocytes in the inflammatory response?
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Study Notes
Blood Vessels and Fluid Transport
- The transport of water and fluids between intravascular and extravascular spaces is controlled by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.
- The movement of substances across blood vessels is controlled by diffusion, filtration, and reabsorption.
Blood Composition
- Blood plasma and red blood cells constitute about 6-10% of the body weight.
- Physiological factors that increase blood volume include increased aldosterone secretion and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.
- Pathological factors that decrease blood volume include hemorrhage and dehydration.
Osmosis and Ultrafiltration
- Ultrafiltration is the filtration of plasma through the capillary wall, driven by hydrostatic pressure.
- Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume
- The main function of regulating red cell volume during hemorrhage is to maintain blood viscosity and prevent circulatory shock.
- The primary function of regulating plasma volume by rapid mechanisms is to maintain blood pressure and prevent hypovolemic shock.
Erythrocyte Characteristics
- Erythrocytes are biconcave disks in humans and some other animals.
- In camelids, erythrocytes are elliptical in shape.
- Cholesterol is impermeable to the cell membrane of erythrocytes.
- The plasticity of the cell membrane of erythrocytes allows them to change shape to fit through narrow capillaries.
Blood Cell Functions
- An increased packed cell volume (PCV) indicates dehydration or polycythemia.
- The PCV is the ratio of the volume occupied by the RBCs to the volume of the whole blood.
- Mast cells and basophils release histamine, which increases capillary permeability and attracts neutrophils to the site of inflammation.
- Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and foreign particles during the inflammatory response.
- Macrophages engulf and digest bacteria and foreign particles during the inflammatory response.
- Monocytes mature into macrophages, which play a key role in the inflammatory response.
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