L4 physiology

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which blood group is considered the universal donor due to the absence of A and B agglutinogens?

Group O (correct)

Group A

Group AB

Group B

What happens when blood is transfused between incompatible blood types?

It leads to hemolytic disease in the recipient.

It may cause a severe transfusion reaction. (correct)

It enhances the recipient's immune response.

It has no effect on the recipient's health.

Which of the following correctly describes the Rh blood type?

It pertains only to blood group B.

It is determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen. (correct)

It indicates the presence of anti-B antibodies in plasma.

It refers to the presence or absence of A antigens only.

What is the main function of agglutinins in the blood?

To cause blood cells to agglutinate when incompatible. Signup and view all the answers

In which blood group does only the type A agglutinogen occur on red blood cells?

Group A Signup and view all the answers

What do type O blood individuals contain in their plasma?

Both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the maximum titer of agglutinins usually reached?

Between 8 to 10 years Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Rh factors is correct?

Rh agglutinins develop only in sensitized Rh negative individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population that is Rh negative?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about agglutinogens and agglutinins is true for type A blood?

Contains type A agglutinogens and anti-B agglutinins Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons for performing a blood transfusion in a neonate with erythroblastosis fetalis?

To keep the bilirubin level low Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for the transfused Rh-negative cells to be replaced by the infant's Rh-positive cells?

6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What key development in the 1970s significantly reduced the incidence of erythroblastosis fetalis?

Discovery of anti-D immunoglobulin Signup and view all the answers

When is anti-D antibody administered to expectant mothers?

At 28 to 30 weeks of gestation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering anti-D antibody to Rh-negative women who have delivered Rh-positive babies?

To prevent maternal sensitization to the D antigen Signup and view all the answers

What volume of O Rh-negative blood is typically transfused to a neonate during treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis?

400 milliliters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the treatment protocol for erythroblastosis fetalis?

Administration of antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What condition is prevented by keeping the bilirubin levels low in neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?

Kernicterus Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of agglutination of donor's red blood cells during a transfusion?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What leads to oliguria or anuria during an incompatible blood transfusion?

Obstruction of renal tubules by hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type matching process involves using anti-A and anti-B agglutinins?

Blood group determination Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of erythroblastosis fetalis in a mother with an Rh-negative blood type?

Maternal exposure to an Rh-positive blood transfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to the mother's body producing anti-Rh agglutinins?

Delivery of an Rh-positive baby Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if a mother with anti-Rh agglutinins has another Rh-positive baby?

Agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the agglutination of red blood cells in the newborn?

Erythroblastosis fetalis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between ABO agglutinins and anti Rh agglutinins?

ABO agglutinins are formed spontaneously, whereas anti Rh agglutinins require previous exposure. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT an indication for blood transfusion?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood grouping important before a transfusion?

To ensure compatibility and avoid transfusion reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ABO agglutinins?

They are naturally occurring and large in size. Signup and view all the answers

What must be true about a donor's blood before it is transfused?

The donor's hemoglobin should not be less than 13 g%. Signup and view all the answers

How do transfusion reactions with Rh agglutinins typically occur?

Only after previous exposure to Rh positive blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precaution to take before a blood transfusion?

The blood should be taken from healthy donors. Signup and view all the answers

Why are ABO agglutinins unable to cross the placenta?

They are large in size. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Group and Blood Transfusion

Blood group systems are crucial in blood transfusions, to avoid incompatibility issues.
At least 30 common and hundreds of rare antigens exist on blood cells.
The O-A-B blood group system and the Rh system are the most frequent causes of transfusion reactions.
O-A-B blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of A and B agglutinogens.
- O blood type has no A or B agglutinogens.
- A blood type has only A agglutinogens.
- B blood type has only B agglutinogens.
- AB blood type has both A and B agglutinogens.
Rh blood types are determined by the presence of the Rh antigen.
- Rh positive blood cells have the Rh factor.
- Rh negative blood cells lack the Rh factor.
Anti-A and anti-B agglutinins (antibodies) develop in the plasma when the corresponding antigen (A or B) is absent from red blood cells.
Type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins.
The quantity of agglutinins in the plasma increases from birth to 8-10 years and then declines.
Incompatibility reactions in blood transfusions can lead to severe complications, including death.
Blood grouping and double cross-matching tests are crucial to avoid incompatible blood transfusions.
Blood is often stored at 4°C and cannot be used for more than 21 days.
Indications for blood transfusions include severe hemorrhage, severe anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, hemophilia, purpura, leuopenia, and hypoproteinemia.
Rh negative mothers can be sensitized by Rh positive blood in pregnancy or abortion.
In the 1970s, Rh immunoglobulin was introduced to prevent Rh incompatibility issues in pregnancies involving Rh-positive fetuses and Rh-negative mothers.
The treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis involves replacing the infant's blood with O Rh-negative blood.
This procedure uses approximately 400 milliliters of Rh-negative blood and is done multiple times to reduce bilirubin levels and avoid potential kernicterus.

Learning Objectives

Describe the multiplicity of antigens in blood cells.
Describe the O-A-B blood types.
Describe the Rh blood types.
Enumerate the significance of knowing blood groups.
Describe the indications of blood transfusion.
Describe the effect of incompatible blood transfusion.
Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the essential concepts of blood group systems and their significance in blood transfusions. Understand the categorization of blood types like O, A, B, and AB, along with the Rh factor and its impact on transfusion reactions. This quiz covers the compatibility issues that can arise in transfusions due to the presence of specific antigens and antibodies.