L4 physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which blood group is considered the universal donor due to the absence of A and B agglutinogens?

  • Group O (correct)
  • Group A
  • Group AB
  • Group B

What happens when blood is transfused between incompatible blood types?

  • It leads to hemolytic disease in the recipient.
  • It may cause a severe transfusion reaction. (correct)
  • It enhances the recipient's immune response.
  • It has no effect on the recipient's health.

Which of the following correctly describes the Rh blood type?

  • It pertains only to blood group B.
  • It is determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen. (correct)
  • It indicates the presence of anti-B antibodies in plasma.
  • It refers to the presence or absence of A antigens only.

What is the main function of agglutinins in the blood?

<p>To cause blood cells to agglutinate when incompatible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which blood group does only the type A agglutinogen occur on red blood cells?

<p>Group A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do type O blood individuals contain in their plasma?

<p>Both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the maximum titer of agglutinins usually reached?

<p>Between 8 to 10 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Rh factors is correct?

<p>Rh agglutinins develop only in sensitized Rh negative individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population that is Rh negative?

<p>15% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about agglutinogens and agglutinins is true for type A blood?

<p>Contains type A agglutinogens and anti-B agglutinins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons for performing a blood transfusion in a neonate with erythroblastosis fetalis?

<p>To keep the bilirubin level low (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for the transfused Rh-negative cells to be replaced by the infant's Rh-positive cells?

<p>6 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key development in the 1970s significantly reduced the incidence of erythroblastosis fetalis?

<p>Discovery of anti-D immunoglobulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is anti-D antibody administered to expectant mothers?

<p>At 28 to 30 weeks of gestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering anti-D antibody to Rh-negative women who have delivered Rh-positive babies?

<p>To prevent maternal sensitization to the D antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What volume of O Rh-negative blood is typically transfused to a neonate during treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis?

<p>400 milliliters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the treatment protocol for erythroblastosis fetalis?

<p>Administration of antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is prevented by keeping the bilirubin levels low in neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?

<p>Kernicterus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of agglutination of donor's red blood cells during a transfusion?

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to oliguria or anuria during an incompatible blood transfusion?

<p>Obstruction of renal tubules by hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type matching process involves using anti-A and anti-B agglutinins?

<p>Blood group determination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of erythroblastosis fetalis in a mother with an Rh-negative blood type?

<p>Maternal exposure to an Rh-positive blood transfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>Dyspnea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to the mother's body producing anti-Rh agglutinins?

<p>Delivery of an Rh-positive baby (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if a mother with anti-Rh agglutinins has another Rh-positive baby?

<p>Agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the agglutination of red blood cells in the newborn?

<p>Erythroblastosis fetalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between ABO agglutinins and anti Rh agglutinins?

<p>ABO agglutinins are formed spontaneously, whereas anti Rh agglutinins require previous exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT an indication for blood transfusion?

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood grouping important before a transfusion?

<p>To ensure compatibility and avoid transfusion reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ABO agglutinins?

<p>They are naturally occurring and large in size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be true about a donor's blood before it is transfused?

<p>The donor's hemoglobin should not be less than 13 g%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do transfusion reactions with Rh agglutinins typically occur?

<p>Only after previous exposure to Rh positive blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precaution to take before a blood transfusion?

<p>The blood should be taken from healthy donors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ABO agglutinins unable to cross the placenta?

<p>They are large in size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Antigens

Specific proteins found on the surface of red blood cells, responsible for different blood types. They can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the recipient's body.

O-A-B Blood Group System

A classification system for blood based on the presence or absence of two main antigens, A and B. These antigens determine a person's blood type as A, B, AB, or O.

Agglutinins

Antibodies found in the plasma that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They play a crucial role in blood transfusion compatibility.

Universal Donor

A person with O blood type can donate to any blood type because their red blood cells lack both A and B antigens. This makes them a universal donor for blood transfusions.

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Universal Recipient

Someone with AB blood type can receive blood from any blood type because they have both A and B antigens. No agglutination occurs when they receive blood from any other blood type.

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Agglutinogen

A protein found on the surface of red blood cells, responsible for blood type determination.

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Type O Blood

An individual with type O blood lacks both A and B agglutinogens on their red blood cells. They possess both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins in their plasma.

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Rh Blood Group

A blood type system that classifies individuals based on the presence or absence of the Rh factor (D antigen) on their red blood cells.

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Rh Sensitization

The formation of Rh antibodies (agglutinins) in the plasma of Rh-negative individuals when exposed to Rh-positive blood. This can occur during a blood transfusion or during pregnancy.

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ABO Agglutinins

Antibodies found in the blood plasma that are naturally present from birth and react with antigens on red blood cells of different blood types.

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Anti-Rh Agglutinins

Antibodies that develop in the blood plasma after exposure to Rh-positive blood, usually through pregnancy or blood transfusion.

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Immediate Transfusion Reaction

A transfusion reaction that occurs immediately after receiving incompatible blood due to the presence of ABO agglutinins.

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Delayed Transfusion Reaction

A transfusion reaction that occurs after a second exposure to Rh-positive blood due to the presence of anti-Rh agglutinins, leading to red blood cell destruction.

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Erythroblastosis Fetalis

The disorder that occurs when a mother with Rh-negative blood produces antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells of her fetus, leading to destruction of fetal red blood cells.

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Blood Grouping

A blood test performed to determine an individual's blood group, which is crucial for safe blood transfusions and preventing complications like erythroblastosis fetalis.

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Cross Matching

The procedure to match the donor's blood with the recipient's blood to ensure compatibility before blood transfusion.

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Blood Type Incompatibility

The condition where a mother and baby have different blood types, which can lead to complications during pregnancy and delivery, especially when the mother's blood type is Rh-negative and the baby's blood type is Rh-positive.

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Blood Transfusion for Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A blood transfusion where Rh-negative blood is given to a neonate to replace their Rh-positive blood.

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Jaundice

A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.

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Kernicterus

A serious brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.

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Anti-D antibody

An antibody that targets the Rh antigen found on red blood cells.

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Sensitization to the Rh antigen

A process where the mother's immune system becomes sensitive to the Rh antigen.

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Rh immunoglobulin

A type of medication containing anti-D antibodies given to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy and after delivery.

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Prevention of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A method of preventing erythroblastosis fetalis by administering Rh immunoglobulin to Rh-negative mothers.

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Agglutination of donor's RBCs

Blockage of small blood vessels caused by clumping of donor's red blood cells, leading to symptoms like tingling, chest pain, shortness of breath, and low blood pressure.

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Hemolytic jaundice

Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to an increase in bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin released from destroyed red blood cells.

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Severe hypotension

A dangerous decrease in blood pressure caused by the release of potassium and histamine from destroyed red blood cells, leading to widespread dilation of blood vessels.

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Oliguria (or anuria)

Reduced or absent urine output due to low blood pressure and blockage of kidney tubules by hemoglobin breakdown products.

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Blood Typing

The process of identifying a person's blood type by mixing red blood cells with antibodies to see if they clump together.

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What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A serious condition affecting a fetus or newborn, where the mother's immune system attacks the baby's red blood cells.

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How does Erythroblastosis Fetalis occur?

Erythroblastosis Fetalis is typically caused when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby, leading to the mother developing antibodies that attack the baby's red blood cells.

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How to treat and prevent Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

Treatment for Erythroblastosis Fetalis involves blood transfusions, while prevention focuses on giving Rh-negative mothers RhoGAM (an antibody) to prevent antibody formation.

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Study Notes

Blood Group and Blood Transfusion

  • Blood group systems are crucial in blood transfusions, to avoid incompatibility issues.
  • At least 30 common and hundreds of rare antigens exist on blood cells.
  • The O-A-B blood group system and the Rh system are the most frequent causes of transfusion reactions.
  • O-A-B blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of A and B agglutinogens.
    • O blood type has no A or B agglutinogens.
    • A blood type has only A agglutinogens.
    • B blood type has only B agglutinogens.
    • AB blood type has both A and B agglutinogens.
  • Rh blood types are determined by the presence of the Rh antigen.
    • Rh positive blood cells have the Rh factor.
    • Rh negative blood cells lack the Rh factor.
  • Anti-A and anti-B agglutinins (antibodies) develop in the plasma when the corresponding antigen (A or B) is absent from red blood cells.
  • Type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins.
  • The quantity of agglutinins in the plasma increases from birth to 8-10 years and then declines.
  • Incompatibility reactions in blood transfusions can lead to severe complications, including death.
  • Blood grouping and double cross-matching tests are crucial to avoid incompatible blood transfusions.
  • Blood is often stored at 4°C and cannot be used for more than 21 days.
  • Indications for blood transfusions include severe hemorrhage, severe anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, hemophilia, purpura, leuopenia, and hypoproteinemia.
  • Rh negative mothers can be sensitized by Rh positive blood in pregnancy or abortion.
  • In the 1970s, Rh immunoglobulin was introduced to prevent Rh incompatibility issues in pregnancies involving Rh-positive fetuses and Rh-negative mothers.
  • The treatment for erythroblastosis fetalis involves replacing the infant's blood with O Rh-negative blood.
  • This procedure uses approximately 400 milliliters of Rh-negative blood and is done multiple times to reduce bilirubin levels and avoid potential kernicterus.

Learning Objectives

  • Describe the multiplicity of antigens in blood cells.
  • Describe the O-A-B blood types.
  • Describe the Rh blood types.
  • Enumerate the significance of knowing blood groups.
  • Describe the indications of blood transfusion.
  • Describe the effect of incompatible blood transfusion.
  • Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn.

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Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion (PDF)

Description

Explore the essential concepts of blood group systems and their significance in blood transfusions. Understand the categorization of blood types like O, A, B, and AB, along with the Rh factor and its impact on transfusion reactions. This quiz covers the compatibility issues that can arise in transfusions due to the presence of specific antigens and antibodies.

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