Blood Group Antigens and Inheritance

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Questions and Answers

What type of antigens are generated within normal body cells and presented directly on the cell surface?

Lectins

Natural antibodies

Endogenous antigens (correct)

Immune alloantibodies

Which proteins or glycoprotein-binding glycoproteins are widely distributed in seeds and other parts of plants?

Lectins (correct)

Natural antibodies

Immune alloantibodies

Endogenous antigens

What type of antibodies naturally occur in every human being and appear in the first year after birth?

Endogenous antigens

Lectins

Immune alloantibodies

Natural antibodies (correct)

Which antibodies are produced by the human body as a result of an immune response after contact with antigenically foreign blood cells?

Immune alloantibodies Signup and view all the answers

In which class do antibodies to ABO system antigens belong?

IgM class Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lectins in binding to sugar-specific residues on the surface of cells?

Causing cell agglutination Signup and view all the answers

Which antigens are recognized by the immune system of each body to distinguish between its own and foreign substances or cells?

Endogenous antigens Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the production of immune alloantibodies in the human body?

Contact with antigenically foreign blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood is considered universal, according to the text?

Rh- in AB plasma Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme was isolated from Streptococcus pneumoniae SP3-BS71 in attempts to create artificial blood?

Glycosidic hydrolase Signup and view all the answers

What antigen end is cut off from the RBC surface by the isolated enzyme?

N-acetylgalactosamine Signup and view all the answers

What was the main limitation of the procedures used in obtaining 'universal blood cells'?

Incomplete effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Where did scientists attempt to obtain artificial blood from?

Embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bacteria was used in the experiments related to creating 'universal blood cells'?

Streptococcus pneumoniae SP3-BS71 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of checking for the RhD antigen in the recipient and donor during blood compatibility testing?

To ensure RhD-negative blood cells are not transfused to a RhD-positive individual Signup and view all the answers

'Universal blood cells' were formed by cutting off an antigen end from:

'O' antigen on the RBC surface Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to perform a serological compatibility test between the recipient's serum and the donor's red blood cells?

To detect any new alloantibodies that may have developed in the recipient Signup and view all the answers

'Universal blood' is achieved when Rh- O erythrocytes are suspended in which type of plasma?

'AB' group plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the time validity of a serological compatibility test (cross-check) after it has been performed?

48 hours Signup and view all the answers

When performing a serological compatibility test, what does it mean when recipient serum does not react with donor blood cells?

The blood compatibility is confirmed Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to a RhD-negative individual?

It may result in hemolytic disease of the newborn Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if a serological compatibility test is not repeated after 48 hours?

The recipient may develop new antibodies Signup and view all the answers

In which situations can new alloantibodies develop in patients undergoing multiple transfusions?

When antigens on transfused RBCs are present on the surface of the original RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards during serological compatibility testing?

To check for any additional antibodies not previously identified Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of agglutination tests in the context of human blood group determination?

To identify specific blood groups through clumping reactions Signup and view all the answers

How are antigens defined in the context of immune response?

Substances that activate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to proteins secreted during the humoral immune response that bind antigens specifically?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of agglutinins in the formation of large, precipitating complexes during agglutination?

Binding antigens and causing clumping Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies react with antigens in terms of immune responses?

By inducing a specific immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the interaction between antigen and antibody?

Antibodies bind specifically to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of variable fragments in antibodies for their immunological specificity?

Variable fragments contribute to antigen binding specificity Signup and view all the answers

Why is the formation of solid masses by aggregating suspended particles important in agglutination tests?

To observe clumping reactions between antigens and antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What made it possible to detect 36 major human blood group systems and at least 322 distinct red blood cell antigens?

Agglutination technique Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the antigens in the AB(O)H system?

They are carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the locus of the major alleles IA, IB, and i in the AB(O)H system?

Chromosome 9 Signup and view all the answers

Where can antigens A, B, and H also be found, besides on erythrocytes?

Body fluids and secretions Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic phenomenon is associated with the inheritance of erythrocyte group system antigens?

Autosomal linkage Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependency relationship between the Se allele and the H allele in the AB(O)H system?

Se is dominant to H Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct red blood cell antigens can be detected using the agglutination technique?

>300 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes private antigens in terms of incidence?

>99% Signup and view all the answers

Which plant lectin is used to differentiate between the A1 antigen and its weaker forms?

Lectin from Dolichos biflorus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology?

Determining the concentration of drugs Signup and view all the answers

In immunohematology, what do antibodies investigate?

The antigens present on blood cell surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

Tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies in relation to the immune system?

Neutralize foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibodies are produced by the human body as a result of eliciting an immune response to foreign blood cells?

Irregular antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of natural antibodies?

They appear naturally and remain throughout life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of serological compatibility testing before blood transfusion?

To determine the blood group and Rh factor Signup and view all the answers

In the ABO system, which type of recipient can receive Rh-negative blood?

Only Rh-negative recipients without D-antigen Signup and view all the answers

Why are immune antibodies termed 'irregular'?

Because they respond to irregular antigens from foreign cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the K antigen in the Kell system?

Cause haemolytic transfusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

Why are Rh system antigens more difficult to access than AB0 system antigens for inducing agglutination?

They are placed intracellularly on erythrocyte membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which plant proteins are used for the detection of certain multi-sugar antigens in blood group systems?

Lectins Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic method for identifying blood group antigens and antibodies?

Hemagglutination assay Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is considered the most immunogenic in the Kell system?

K antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of endogenous antigens?

They are generated within normal body cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibodies are classified as immune alloantibodies?

Antibodies produced due to immune response against foreign blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lectins in the context of blood components?

To cause clumping of glycoproteins on cell surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes natural (regular) antibodies from other types of antibodies?

They appear naturally after birth and persist throughout life. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood transfusions, what triggers the production of immune alloantibodies in the human body?

Immune response to foreign blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of agglutinins in the context of blood transfusion?

To bind to antigens and form large, precipitating complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of variable fragments in antibodies for their immunological specificity?

They are responsible for binding to antigens specifically Signup and view all the answers

In blood transfusion, why is it essential to avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to an RhD-negative individual?

To prevent the activation of immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the production of specific antibodies by the immune system upon exposure to antigens?

Recognition of antigens by competent cells of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to proteins secreted during the humoral immune response that bind antigens specifically?

Immunoglobulins Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic phenomenon associated with the inheritance of erythrocyte group system antigens?

Epistasis Signup and view all the answers

Where can antigens A, B, and H also be found, besides on erythrocytes?

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes private antigens in terms of incidence?

Seen in less than 1% of cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependency relationship between the Se allele and the H allele in the AB(O)H system?

Synergistic Signup and view all the answers

What types of antigens are carbohydrates and not direct gene products according to the text?

Carbohydrate-based Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for checking the RhD antigen in the recipient during blood compatibility testing?

To avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to a RhD-negative individual Signup and view all the answers

In the ABO and Rh systems, what happens when the D antigen in the donor is checked for a RhD-negative recipient?

To ensure compatibility between donor and recipient antigens Signup and view all the answers

Why are new alloantibodies more likely to occur in patients requiring multiple transfusions?

As a result of immunization from transfused RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards during serological compatibility testing?

To ensure the absence of additional antibodies in recipient serum Signup and view all the answers

When is a serological compatibility test considered valid after it has been performed?

48 hours Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed to determine serological compatibility between donor and recipient during blood transfusion?

ABO and RhD group antigens and immune antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which test result confirms serological compatibility between donor and recipient?

'No agglutination' with donor blood cells in recipient serum Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if a serological compatibility test is not repeated within 48 hours of its initial performance?

'New alloantibodies' could develop post-transfusion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Group Systems

Erythrocytes of group Rh- O suspended in AB plasma or plasma identical to the recipient's group are considered universal blood
Scientists have attempted to create artificial blood from embryonic stem cells and using bacteria to isolate an enzyme that can remove antigens from the RBC surface

Agglutination and Antigens

Agglutination is the formation of a solid mass by aggregating suspended particles in a solution
Antigens are molecules or multi-component substances recognized by the immune system, which can result in the production of specific antibodies
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are proteins produced in the humoral immune response, binding specifically to antigens

Blood Group Systems

Over 300 antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells, but only a few are of practical importance (e.g. ABO, Rh, Kell)
The ABO system has three main alleles: IA, IB, and i (I0), determining the presence of A and B antigens
The Kell system has at least 36 unique antigens associated with the Kell glycoprotein on erythrocytes

Identification of Group Systems

The agglutination reaction is the basic method for identifying blood group antigens and antibodies
Lectins, plant proteins that bind to sugars, are used to detect certain multi-sugar antigens

Serological Compatibility Test

The test involves checking for AB0 group antigens, RhD antigen, and immune antibodies in the recipient's serum
Serological compatibility is accepted when:
- AB0 and RhD control confirms previous results
- Recipient serum does not react with donor blood cells
- Testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards are negative

Blood Transfusion

Recipients receive compatible blood in the ABO system
Rh-negative recipients can only receive Rh-negative blood
The cross-test (serological compatibility test) is valid for 48 hours, after which time the test should be repeated

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Description

Learn about blood group antigens, their inheritance according to Mendel's laws, and the detection methods used such as serological tests and agglutination techniques. Explore the diversity of human blood group systems and antigens, including private antigens with low incidence.