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Questions and Answers
What type of antigens are generated within normal body cells and presented directly on the cell surface?
What type of antigens are generated within normal body cells and presented directly on the cell surface?
- Lectins
- Natural antibodies
- Endogenous antigens (correct)
- Immune alloantibodies
Which proteins or glycoprotein-binding glycoproteins are widely distributed in seeds and other parts of plants?
Which proteins or glycoprotein-binding glycoproteins are widely distributed in seeds and other parts of plants?
- Lectins (correct)
- Natural antibodies
- Immune alloantibodies
- Endogenous antigens
What type of antibodies naturally occur in every human being and appear in the first year after birth?
What type of antibodies naturally occur in every human being and appear in the first year after birth?
- Endogenous antigens
- Lectins
- Immune alloantibodies
- Natural antibodies (correct)
Which antibodies are produced by the human body as a result of an immune response after contact with antigenically foreign blood cells?
Which antibodies are produced by the human body as a result of an immune response after contact with antigenically foreign blood cells?
In which class do antibodies to ABO system antigens belong?
In which class do antibodies to ABO system antigens belong?
What is the main function of lectins in binding to sugar-specific residues on the surface of cells?
What is the main function of lectins in binding to sugar-specific residues on the surface of cells?
Which antigens are recognized by the immune system of each body to distinguish between its own and foreign substances or cells?
Which antigens are recognized by the immune system of each body to distinguish between its own and foreign substances or cells?
What triggers the production of immune alloantibodies in the human body?
What triggers the production of immune alloantibodies in the human body?
Which type of blood is considered universal, according to the text?
Which type of blood is considered universal, according to the text?
What enzyme was isolated from Streptococcus pneumoniae SP3-BS71 in attempts to create artificial blood?
What enzyme was isolated from Streptococcus pneumoniae SP3-BS71 in attempts to create artificial blood?
What antigen end is cut off from the RBC surface by the isolated enzyme?
What antigen end is cut off from the RBC surface by the isolated enzyme?
What was the main limitation of the procedures used in obtaining 'universal blood cells'?
What was the main limitation of the procedures used in obtaining 'universal blood cells'?
Where did scientists attempt to obtain artificial blood from?
Where did scientists attempt to obtain artificial blood from?
Which group of bacteria was used in the experiments related to creating 'universal blood cells'?
Which group of bacteria was used in the experiments related to creating 'universal blood cells'?
What is the purpose of checking for the RhD antigen in the recipient and donor during blood compatibility testing?
What is the purpose of checking for the RhD antigen in the recipient and donor during blood compatibility testing?
'Universal blood cells' were formed by cutting off an antigen end from:
'Universal blood cells' were formed by cutting off an antigen end from:
Why is it important to perform a serological compatibility test between the recipient's serum and the donor's red blood cells?
Why is it important to perform a serological compatibility test between the recipient's serum and the donor's red blood cells?
'Universal blood' is achieved when Rh- O erythrocytes are suspended in which type of plasma?
'Universal blood' is achieved when Rh- O erythrocytes are suspended in which type of plasma?
What is the time validity of a serological compatibility test (cross-check) after it has been performed?
What is the time validity of a serological compatibility test (cross-check) after it has been performed?
When performing a serological compatibility test, what does it mean when recipient serum does not react with donor blood cells?
When performing a serological compatibility test, what does it mean when recipient serum does not react with donor blood cells?
Why is it crucial to avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to a RhD-negative individual?
Why is it crucial to avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to a RhD-negative individual?
What may happen if a serological compatibility test is not repeated after 48 hours?
What may happen if a serological compatibility test is not repeated after 48 hours?
In which situations can new alloantibodies develop in patients undergoing multiple transfusions?
In which situations can new alloantibodies develop in patients undergoing multiple transfusions?
What is one reason for testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards during serological compatibility testing?
What is one reason for testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards during serological compatibility testing?
What is the main purpose of agglutination tests in the context of human blood group determination?
What is the main purpose of agglutination tests in the context of human blood group determination?
How are antigens defined in the context of immune response?
How are antigens defined in the context of immune response?
Which term refers to proteins secreted during the humoral immune response that bind antigens specifically?
Which term refers to proteins secreted during the humoral immune response that bind antigens specifically?
What is the role of agglutinins in the formation of large, precipitating complexes during agglutination?
What is the role of agglutinins in the formation of large, precipitating complexes during agglutination?
How do antibodies react with antigens in terms of immune responses?
How do antibodies react with antigens in terms of immune responses?
Which statement best describes the interaction between antigen and antibody?
Which statement best describes the interaction between antigen and antibody?
What is the significance of variable fragments in antibodies for their immunological specificity?
What is the significance of variable fragments in antibodies for their immunological specificity?
Why is the formation of solid masses by aggregating suspended particles important in agglutination tests?
Why is the formation of solid masses by aggregating suspended particles important in agglutination tests?
What made it possible to detect 36 major human blood group systems and at least 322 distinct red blood cell antigens?
What made it possible to detect 36 major human blood group systems and at least 322 distinct red blood cell antigens?
Which of the following is true about the antigens in the AB(O)H system?
Which of the following is true about the antigens in the AB(O)H system?
What is the locus of the major alleles IA, IB, and i in the AB(O)H system?
What is the locus of the major alleles IA, IB, and i in the AB(O)H system?
Where can antigens A, B, and H also be found, besides on erythrocytes?
Where can antigens A, B, and H also be found, besides on erythrocytes?
Which genetic phenomenon is associated with the inheritance of erythrocyte group system antigens?
Which genetic phenomenon is associated with the inheritance of erythrocyte group system antigens?
What is the dependency relationship between the Se allele and the H allele in the AB(O)H system?
What is the dependency relationship between the Se allele and the H allele in the AB(O)H system?
How many distinct red blood cell antigens can be detected using the agglutination technique?
How many distinct red blood cell antigens can be detected using the agglutination technique?
What characterizes private antigens in terms of incidence?
What characterizes private antigens in terms of incidence?
Which plant lectin is used to differentiate between the A1 antigen and its weaker forms?
Which plant lectin is used to differentiate between the A1 antigen and its weaker forms?
What is the main role of monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology?
What is the main role of monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology?
In immunohematology, what do antibodies investigate?
In immunohematology, what do antibodies investigate?
Which cells are involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
Which cells are involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
What is the primary function of antibodies in relation to the immune system?
What is the primary function of antibodies in relation to the immune system?
Which type of antibodies are produced by the human body as a result of eliciting an immune response to foreign blood cells?
Which type of antibodies are produced by the human body as a result of eliciting an immune response to foreign blood cells?
What is a characteristic of natural antibodies?
What is a characteristic of natural antibodies?
What is the primary purpose of serological compatibility testing before blood transfusion?
What is the primary purpose of serological compatibility testing before blood transfusion?
In the ABO system, which type of recipient can receive Rh-negative blood?
In the ABO system, which type of recipient can receive Rh-negative blood?
Why are immune antibodies termed 'irregular'?
Why are immune antibodies termed 'irregular'?
What is the main function of the K antigen in the Kell system?
What is the main function of the K antigen in the Kell system?
Why are Rh system antigens more difficult to access than AB0 system antigens for inducing agglutination?
Why are Rh system antigens more difficult to access than AB0 system antigens for inducing agglutination?
Which plant proteins are used for the detection of certain multi-sugar antigens in blood group systems?
Which plant proteins are used for the detection of certain multi-sugar antigens in blood group systems?
What is the basic method for identifying blood group antigens and antibodies?
What is the basic method for identifying blood group antigens and antibodies?
Which antigen is considered the most immunogenic in the Kell system?
Which antigen is considered the most immunogenic in the Kell system?
What is the main characteristic of endogenous antigens?
What is the main characteristic of endogenous antigens?
Which antibodies are classified as immune alloantibodies?
Which antibodies are classified as immune alloantibodies?
What is the function of lectins in the context of blood components?
What is the function of lectins in the context of blood components?
What distinguishes natural (regular) antibodies from other types of antibodies?
What distinguishes natural (regular) antibodies from other types of antibodies?
In the context of blood transfusions, what triggers the production of immune alloantibodies in the human body?
In the context of blood transfusions, what triggers the production of immune alloantibodies in the human body?
What is the primary function of agglutinins in the context of blood transfusion?
What is the primary function of agglutinins in the context of blood transfusion?
What is the significance of variable fragments in antibodies for their immunological specificity?
What is the significance of variable fragments in antibodies for their immunological specificity?
In blood transfusion, why is it essential to avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to an RhD-negative individual?
In blood transfusion, why is it essential to avoid transfusing RhD-positive blood cells to an RhD-negative individual?
What triggers the production of specific antibodies by the immune system upon exposure to antigens?
What triggers the production of specific antibodies by the immune system upon exposure to antigens?
Which term refers to proteins secreted during the humoral immune response that bind antigens specifically?
Which term refers to proteins secreted during the humoral immune response that bind antigens specifically?
What is the genetic phenomenon associated with the inheritance of erythrocyte group system antigens?
What is the genetic phenomenon associated with the inheritance of erythrocyte group system antigens?
Where can antigens A, B, and H also be found, besides on erythrocytes?
Where can antigens A, B, and H also be found, besides on erythrocytes?
What characterizes private antigens in terms of incidence?
What characterizes private antigens in terms of incidence?
What is the dependency relationship between the Se allele and the H allele in the AB(O)H system?
What is the dependency relationship between the Se allele and the H allele in the AB(O)H system?
What types of antigens are carbohydrates and not direct gene products according to the text?
What types of antigens are carbohydrates and not direct gene products according to the text?
What is the main reason for checking the RhD antigen in the recipient during blood compatibility testing?
What is the main reason for checking the RhD antigen in the recipient during blood compatibility testing?
In the ABO and Rh systems, what happens when the D antigen in the donor is checked for a RhD-negative recipient?
In the ABO and Rh systems, what happens when the D antigen in the donor is checked for a RhD-negative recipient?
Why are new alloantibodies more likely to occur in patients requiring multiple transfusions?
Why are new alloantibodies more likely to occur in patients requiring multiple transfusions?
What is the significance of testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards during serological compatibility testing?
What is the significance of testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards during serological compatibility testing?
When is a serological compatibility test considered valid after it has been performed?
When is a serological compatibility test considered valid after it has been performed?
What should be assessed to determine serological compatibility between donor and recipient during blood transfusion?
What should be assessed to determine serological compatibility between donor and recipient during blood transfusion?
Which test result confirms serological compatibility between donor and recipient?
Which test result confirms serological compatibility between donor and recipient?
What can happen if a serological compatibility test is not repeated within 48 hours of its initial performance?
What can happen if a serological compatibility test is not repeated within 48 hours of its initial performance?
Flashcards
Endogenous antigens
Endogenous antigens
Antigens produced within normal body cells and presented directly on their surface.
Lectins
Lectins
Proteins or glycoprotein-binding glycoproteins widely found in seeds and plant parts.
Natural antibodies
Natural antibodies
Antibodies naturally present in all humans from birth.
Immune alloantibodies
Immune alloantibodies
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IgM class
IgM class
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Cell agglutination
Cell agglutination
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Endogenous antigens
Endogenous antigens
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Contact with foreign blood cells
Contact with foreign blood cells
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Rh-negative AB plasma
Rh-negative AB plasma
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Glycosidic hydrolase
Glycosidic hydrolase
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N-acetylgalactosamine
N-acetylgalactosamine
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Incomplete effectiveness
Incomplete effectiveness
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Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
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Streptococcus pneumoniae SP3-BS71
Streptococcus pneumoniae SP3-BS71
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RhD-negative blood compatibility
RhD-negative blood compatibility
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Universal blood cells
Universal blood cells
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Serological compatibility test
Serological compatibility test
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Universal blood
Universal blood
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Serological compatibility test validity
Serological compatibility test validity
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Negative reaction in serological compatibility test
Negative reaction in serological compatibility test
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RhD incompatibility
RhD incompatibility
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Delayed serological test
Delayed serological test
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New alloantibodies development
New alloantibodies development
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Blood cell panel standards
Blood cell panel standards
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Agglutination tests
Agglutination tests
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Antigens
Antigens
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Agglutinins
Agglutinins
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Antibody-antigen interaction
Antibody-antigen interaction
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Variable fragments
Variable fragments
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Solid masses formation
Solid masses formation
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Agglutination technique
Agglutination technique
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AB(O)H system antigens
AB(O)H system antigens
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AB(O)H system gene location
AB(O)H system gene location
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A, B, and H antigen location
A, B, and H antigen location
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Erythrocyte group system inheritance
Erythrocyte group system inheritance
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Se and H allele relationship
Se and H allele relationship
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Red blood cell antigens
Red blood cell antigens
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Private antigens
Private antigens
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Lectin from Dolichos biflorus
Lectin from Dolichos biflorus
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Monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology
Monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology
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Antibodies investigation in immunohematology
Antibodies investigation in immunohematology
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Monoclonal antibody production
Monoclonal antibody production
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Antibodies in the immune system
Antibodies in the immune system
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Irregular antibodies
Irregular antibodies
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Natural antibodies
Natural antibodies
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Serological compatibility testing
Serological compatibility testing
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Rh-negative recipient
Rh-negative recipient
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Irregular antibodies
Irregular antibodies
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Study Notes
Blood Group Systems
- Erythrocytes of group Rh- O suspended in AB plasma or plasma identical to the recipient's group are considered universal blood
- Scientists have attempted to create artificial blood from embryonic stem cells and using bacteria to isolate an enzyme that can remove antigens from the RBC surface
Agglutination and Antigens
- Agglutination is the formation of a solid mass by aggregating suspended particles in a solution
- Antigens are molecules or multi-component substances recognized by the immune system, which can result in the production of specific antibodies
- Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are proteins produced in the humoral immune response, binding specifically to antigens
Blood Group Systems
- Over 300 antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells, but only a few are of practical importance (e.g. ABO, Rh, Kell)
- The ABO system has three main alleles: IA, IB, and i (I0), determining the presence of A and B antigens
- The Kell system has at least 36 unique antigens associated with the Kell glycoprotein on erythrocytes
Identification of Group Systems
- The agglutination reaction is the basic method for identifying blood group antigens and antibodies
- Lectins, plant proteins that bind to sugars, are used to detect certain multi-sugar antigens
Serological Compatibility Test
- The test involves checking for AB0 group antigens, RhD antigen, and immune antibodies in the recipient's serum
- Serological compatibility is accepted when:
- AB0 and RhD control confirms previous results
- Recipient serum does not react with donor blood cells
- Testing for antibodies to the blood cell panel standards are negative
Blood Transfusion
- Recipients receive compatible blood in the ABO system
- Rh-negative recipients can only receive Rh-negative blood
- The cross-test (serological compatibility test) is valid for 48 hours, after which time the test should be repeated
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Description
Learn about blood group antigens, their inheritance according to Mendel's laws, and the detection methods used such as serological tests and agglutination techniques. Explore the diversity of human blood group systems and antigens, including private antigens with low incidence.
