Chapter 14
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Questions and Answers

Where does the blood flow route start and end in the pulmonary circulation?

  • Large veins to large arteries
  • Right heart to left heart (correct)
  • Vena cava to aorta
  • Left heart to right heart

    • Which component of the vascular tree has the highest cross-sectional area?

  • Aorta (correct)
  • Capillaries
  • Arterioles
  • Arteries

    • Which component of the vascular tree has the thinnest wall?

  • Venules
  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Capillaries (correct)

    • What is the average pressure in the arterial system?

    <p>17 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of the arterial system as a percentage of the total blood volume?

    <p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of most vascular resistance?

    <p>Arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pressure lowest in the circulatory system?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the venous system considered high compliance?

    <p>It transports blood back to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the circulatory system?

    <p>Deliver nutrients and remove wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is controlled independently in the circulatory system?

    <p>Control arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to measure blood flow by generating electromotive force in blood moving through a magnetic field?

    <p>Electromagnetic flowmeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of anemia in the gums?

    <p>Paleness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is most of the blood volume located?

    <p>Venous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of most vascular resistance?

    <p>Arterial System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pressure lowest?

    <p>Venous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the venous system considered to have high compliance (capacitance)?

    <p>Due to distensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for blood flow according to Ohm's Law?

    <p>F = ∆P / R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to vascular resistance when vessels dilate?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when vessels constrict?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased sympathetic nerve stimulation have on blood flow at a given pressure?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between pressure difference, flow, and resistance?

    <p>$\Delta P = F \cdot R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the quantity of blood that passes a certain point at a given period of time?

    <p>Blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur in blood flow?

    <p>Reynolds' number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 4th power Law, how does a slight change in diameter of an arteriole affect blood flow?

    <p>Increases blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for blood flow according to Poiseuille's Law?

    <p>$F = p \cdot \Delta P \cdot r^4 / 8hL$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the total resistance in the circulatory system?

    <p>Total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the summation of resistances in a series circuit?

    <p>$R_1 + R_2 = R_{\text{total}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in hematocrit lead to?

    <p>Increased viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for blood flow according to Poiseuille's Law when hematocrit is considered?

    <p>$F = p \cdot \Delta P \cdot r^2 / 4hL$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to total resistance when a resistance bed is lost in a parallel circuit?

    <p>Total resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Pulmonary circulation, blood travels through the arterioles to?

    <p>the capillaries in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of pulmonary circulation?

    <p>to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of arterioles in pulmonary circulation?

    <p>to regulate blood flow and control blood pressure in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • The blood flow route in the pulmonary circulation starts in the pulmonary arteries and ends in the pulmonary veins.
    • The importance of pulmonary circulation is to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide.

    Vascular Tree

    • The component of the vascular tree with the highest cross-sectional area is the capillaries.
    • The component of the vascular tree with the thinnest wall is the capillaries.

    Blood Pressure

    • The average pressure in the arterial system is approximately 90 mmHg.
    • The pressure is lowest in the venous system, particularly in the vena cava.

    Vascular Resistance

    • The site of most vascular resistance is in the arterioles.
    • Vascular resistance decreases when vessels dilate and increases when vessels constrict.

    Blood Flow

    • The goal of the circulatory system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products.
    • Blood flow is controlled independently in the circulatory system.
    • The equation for blood flow according to Ohm's Law is Q = ΔP/R, where Q is blood flow, ΔP is pressure difference, and R is resistance.
    • The equation for blood flow according to Poiseuille's Law is Q = (π × ΔP × r^4) / (8 × η × L), where Q is blood flow, ΔP is pressure difference, r is radius, η is viscosity, and L is length.

    Hemodynamics

    • The method used to measure blood flow by generating electromotive force in blood moving through a magnetic field is electromagnetic flowmetry.
    • The measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur in blood flow is Reynolds number.
    • According to the 4th power Law, a slight change in diameter of an arteriole affects blood flow dramatically.
    • The total resistance in the circulatory system is determined by the sum of resistances in each segment of the vascular tree.

    Venous System

    • The venous system is considered high compliance (capacitance) due to its ability to stretch and accommodate large volumes of blood.
    • An increase in hematocrit leads to an increase in blood viscosity, which affects blood flow.
    • The equation for blood flow according to Poiseuille's Law when hematocrit is considered is Q = (π × ΔP × r^4) / (8 × η × L), where η is affected by hematocrit.

    Circulatory System

    • The blood volume is approximately 5 liters in an adult, with most of it located in the venous system.
    • The circulatory system is a parallel circuit, and the loss of a resistance bed in a parallel circuit decreases total resistance.
    • Increased sympathetic nerve stimulation increases blood flow at a given pressure by increasing heart rate and contractility.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the mechanics of blood flow and circulation in the body with this quiz. Challenge yourself to identify the components and routes of pulmonary circulation.

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