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Questions and Answers
What is primarily responsible for the maintenance of normal oncotic pressure in the blood?
What is primarily responsible for the maintenance of normal oncotic pressure in the blood?
- Globulin
- Albumin (correct)
- Fibrinogen
- Immunoglobulin
Which plasma protein is mainly responsible for the transport of hormones such as thyroxine?
Which plasma protein is mainly responsible for the transport of hormones such as thyroxine?
- α-globulin (correct)
- Apo lipoprotein
- Albumin
- Transferrin
What is one of the main roles of plasma proteins in the context of blood viscosity?
What is one of the main roles of plasma proteins in the context of blood viscosity?
- Providing resistance to capillary flow (correct)
- Reducing the pH of blood
- Regulating oxygen levels in red blood cells
- Enhancing platelet aggregation
How do plasma proteins maintain the acid-base balance in the body?
How do plasma proteins maintain the acid-base balance in the body?
What role do plasma proteins play in the defense mechanism of the body?
What role do plasma proteins play in the defense mechanism of the body?
What percentage of blood is composed of formed elements?
What percentage of blood is composed of formed elements?
Which statement about the transport function of plasma proteins is correct?
Which statement about the transport function of plasma proteins is correct?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for immune response?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for immune response?
What percentage of the buffering capacity of blood is attributed to plasma proteins?
What percentage of the buffering capacity of blood is attributed to plasma proteins?
What function do plasma proteins serve regarding red blood cells?
What function do plasma proteins serve regarding red blood cells?
What constitutes the majority of plasma content by volume?
What constitutes the majority of plasma content by volume?
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
Which plasma protein is primarily synthesized in the liver?
Which plasma protein is primarily synthesized in the liver?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes?
What is the primary role of erythrocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
What percentage of plasma proteins is typically synthesized by lymphocytes?
What percentage of plasma proteins is typically synthesized by lymphocytes?
What is the primary role of thrombocytes in blood?
What is the primary role of thrombocytes in blood?
Which component is classified under the organic solids in plasma?
Which component is classified under the organic solids in plasma?
Which type of anemia is characterized by microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells?
Which type of anemia is characterized by microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells?
What is the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells in megaloblastic anemia?
What is the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells in megaloblastic anemia?
Which of the following conditions is likely to cause increased RBC destruction?
Which of the following conditions is likely to cause increased RBC destruction?
What type of anemia does iron deficiency cause?
What type of anemia does iron deficiency cause?
Which option correctly describes the eventual presentation of red blood cells following acute blood loss?
Which option correctly describes the eventual presentation of red blood cells following acute blood loss?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the body?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the body?
What happens to heme during the breakdown process of hemoglobin?
What happens to heme during the breakdown process of hemoglobin?
How many heme groups are present in one hemoglobin molecule?
How many heme groups are present in one hemoglobin molecule?
What is a physiological reason for decreased hemoglobin levels?
What is a physiological reason for decreased hemoglobin levels?
What is the normal hemoglobin concentration range for adult males?
What is the normal hemoglobin concentration range for adult males?
Which condition describes anemia?
Which condition describes anemia?
What factor is associated with increased hemoglobin levels physiologically?
What factor is associated with increased hemoglobin levels physiologically?
What occurs to globin proteins during the breakdown of hemoglobin?
What occurs to globin proteins during the breakdown of hemoglobin?
What is a pathological cause of decreased hemoglobin levels?
What is a pathological cause of decreased hemoglobin levels?
How many oxygen atoms can one hemoglobin molecule bind?
How many oxygen atoms can one hemoglobin molecule bind?
Which clotting factors are primarily involved in hemostasis?
Which clotting factors are primarily involved in hemostasis?
What is the normal lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the normal lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?
How does the structure of RBCs contribute to their function?
How does the structure of RBCs contribute to their function?
What happens to RBCs during rouleaux formation?
What happens to RBCs during rouleaux formation?
What is the primary function of γ-globulins in the blood?
What is the primary function of γ-globulins in the blood?
Which type of stem cell is the first to differentiate into RBCs during erythropoiesis?
Which type of stem cell is the first to differentiate into RBCs during erythropoiesis?
What effect does inadequate protein intake have on the body?
What effect does inadequate protein intake have on the body?
What is the mean diameter of a normal red blood cell?
What is the mean diameter of a normal red blood cell?
Which of the following is a role of red blood cells beyond oxygen transport?
Which of the following is a role of red blood cells beyond oxygen transport?
What factor is involved in transporting bilirubin in the blood?
What factor is involved in transporting bilirubin in the blood?
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Study Notes
Composition of Blood
- Blood comprises 45% formed elements and 55% plasma.
- Formed elements include erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).
- Plasma consists of 92% water and 8% solids including organic and inorganic components.
Blood Components
-
Formed Elements:
- Erythrocytes: Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.
- Leukocytes: White blood cells involved in immune responses, categorized into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).
- Thrombocytes: Platelets involved in blood coagulation.
-
Plasma:
- Contains water, proteins, lipids, glucose, urea, and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium).
- Major proteins include albumin, globulins (α, β, γ), fibrinogen, and prothrombin.
Functions of Blood
- Supplies nutrients, transports gases (O2 and CO2), hormones, and waste removal.
- Provides protection against infection and contributes to immune response.
- Regulates body temperature and maintains acid-base balance.
- Aids in blood clotting, tissue repair, and fluid balance.
Plasma Proteins
- Comprise around 7% of plasma with roles in oncotic pressure, blood viscosity, coagulation, transport of substances, and immune defense.
- Types:
- Albumin: Exerts osmotic pressure, maintains blood volume.
- Globulins: Includes immunoglobulins essential for immune function.
- Fibrinogen: Key role in blood coagulation.
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Most abundant blood cells; non-nucleated with a lifespan of 120 days.
- They are circular, biconcave, and flexible, allowing passage through tiny capillaries.
- RBCs primarily transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and help regulate blood viscosity.
Hemoglobin
- Essential for oxygen transport; each gram carries 1.34 mL of O2.
- Assists in CO2 transport and acts as a buffer to stabilize pH around 7.4.
- Normal hemoglobin values vary:
- Males: 14-18 g/dL
- Females: 12-16 g/dL
- Infants: up to 20 g/dL
Anemia
- Defined as decreased RBC count or hemoglobin concentration.
- Types based on causes:
- Decreased RBC formation: e.g., iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia.
- Increased RBC destruction: e.g., sickle cell anemia, hereditary spherocytosis.
- Blood loss: acute (surgery, accidents) or chronic (peptic ulcers, hemorrhoids).
Morphological Classification of Anemia
- Microcytic: Small, pale RBCs (e.g., iron deficiency).
- Normocytic: Normal size and color RBCs, may still lead to reduced count (e.g., after hemorrhage).
- Macrocytic: Enlarged RBCs (e.g., vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency).
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