Blood Composition and RBC Differentiation

<p>Hemoglobin can act effectively outside the RB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the mobile units of the body's protection system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood clot retraction is a process where the clot shrinks and tightens, squeezing out the liquid portion. This is primarily achieved by the activation of platelet thrombosthenin, actin, and myosin molecules. Contraction of the platelet spicules attached to fibrin contributes to the process. Thrombin and calcium ions released from calcium stores further enhance the retraction. The retraction of the clot helps to pull the edges of the broken blood vessel closer, aiding in hemostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver. It helps to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood and transports various substances like fatty acids, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs.

The correct answer is (b) Its medium pH is around 7.4. Blood is slightly alkaline, which is essential for proper functioning.

The false statement is (e) About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is RBC, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on gender, weight and other factors. While plasma is the major component, the RBC percentage varies significantly based on individual factors.

The correct answer is (a) Carbonate. Carbonate ions, along with bicarbonate, play a crucial role in buffering blood pH and transporting CO2.

The proerythroblast is the first recognizable cell in the red blood cell series. It's formed from CFU-E stem cells and divides multiple times to mature.

The correct answer is (c) Kidney. The kidneys produce the majority of Erythropoietin, stimulating red blood cell production.

The basic abnormality in Pernicious Anemia is (a) There is a fail to produce gastric secretions as IF, having a lack in vit.B12. The lack of intrinsic factor (IF) impairs Vitamin B12 absorption, leading to anemia.

The false statement about red blood cells is (c) Hemoglobin can act effectively outside the RB. Hemoglobin needs to be inside red blood cells to function properly and carry oxygen.

The true statement about leukocytes is (b) They are the mobile units of the body’s protection system. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the body's defense against infection.

The true statement is (e) Monocytes are converted into tissue macrophages. Monocytes transition into macrophages, which are essential phagocytes in tissues.

The true statement is (b) Chemotaxis depends on the concentration gradient of the chemotactic substance. Chemotaxis, the movement of cells towards a chemical attractant, is guided by concentration differences.

In the lungs, tissue macrophages reside in the alveolar wall and engulf particles trapped in the alveoli. Digestible particles are broken down and released into lymph. Indigestible particles are encapsulated, potentially forming giant cells.

The steps in the response of neutrophils and macrophages during inflammation are: 1. Tissue macrophage (1st line) - immediate phagocytosis starts. 2. Neutrophil invasion (2nd line) - neutrophils enter the inflamed area (margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis). This causes neutrophilia (increase in neutrophils). 3. Second macrophage invasion (3rd line) - monocytes enter and become macrophages. 4. Increased production of granulocytes and monocytes (4th line) - bone marrow stimulates progenitor cells. 5. Formation of pus (5th line) - dead neutrophils, macrophages, and necrotic tissue form pus.

The feature NOT typical of inflammation is (a) Vasoconstriction of local blood vessels. Inflammation involves vasodilation to bring in more blood and immune cells, not constriction.

The FALSE definition is (c) Tissue macrophage is the second line of response against infection. Tissue macrophages are the first line of defense against infection.

The CORRECT statement about pus formation is (e) B and c are true. Pus is formed by dead cells, necrotic tissue, and fluids.

The characteristic that is NOT a characteristic of the Thymus is (d) Site where the lymphocytes undergo differentiation and clonal expansion in an antigen-dependent fashion. This process happens in secondary lymphoid organs, NOT the thymus.

The true statement is (a) Epithelial barriers are considered part of the innate immune system. Epithelial barriers, like skin and mucous membranes, are the first line of defense, part of the innate immune system.

The correct statement about lymph nodes is (c) The medulla of the node consists primarily of cords and sinuses. The medulla of the lymph node is where B cells are most concentrated and where plasma cells produce antibodies.

The innate immune system responds quickly and non-specifically to threats. It lacks immune memory, meaning it doesn't remember past encounters with pathogens.

The INCORRECT statement is (b) In humoral immunity, memory cells are created but not in the cellular immunity. Both humoral and cellular immunity involve the creation of memory cells for long-term protection.

The CORRECT statement is (e) Immune tolerance is the absence or limitation of the immune response, i.e., ability of the system to attack it's own body tissues. Immune tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own cells.

The two types of acquired immunity are: Humoral immunity (B-cell immunity) - involves antibodies circulating in the blood to attack invaders. Cell-mediated immunity (T-cell immunity) - involves activated T lymphocytes specifically targeting and destroying foreign agents.

The correct answer is (a) HLA-A.

The correct statement about the immune response is (c) Humoral response is developed by the B lymphocytes and coordinated by TH2 lymphocytes. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies, with assistance from TH2 helper cells.

The correct answer is (b) TAP is the molecule involved in transport of peptides and loading of MHC in class I. TAP (Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing) helps transport peptides for MHC class I presentation.

The main functions of the complement system are: Opsonization: Marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytes. Neutrophil chemotaxis: Attracting neutrophils to the site of infection. Viral neutralization: Inactivating viruses. Lysis: Directly destroying pathogens. Anaphylactic reaction: Can contribute to allergic responses.

The term that means prevention of blood loss is ** (a) Hemostasis**. Hemostasis is the process that stops bleeding.

The main function of the circulatory system is to maintain an appropriate environment in all the tissue fluids of the body for optimal survival and function of the cells. This involves delivering oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products, and transporting hormones.

The mean pressure of the aorta is approximately (d) 35/55 mmHg. This is the average pressure over a complete cardiac cycle.

The correct answer is (d) All of the above. Nervous signals increase heart pumping, constrict veins, and constrict most arterioles to regulate blood pressure.

Arterial pressure is regulated by a complex interplay of nervous, hormonal, and local factors. The nervous system controls heart rate and contractility, as well as constriction and dilation of blood vessels.

The basic principles of circulation are: 1. Tissue blood flow control: Precise regulation of blood flow to meet tissue needs. 2. Cardiac output control: Cardiac output is determined by the sum of local tissue flow. 3. Arterial pressure regulation: Generally independent of local blood flow and cardiac output.

The true statement about blood flow is (d) Blood flow is expressed in milliliters per minute or liters per minute. Blood flow is the volume of blood passing a point per unit time.

The false condition to occur turbulence in the proximal aorta and pulmonary artery is (b) Slow velocity of blood flow. Turbulence occurs at high velocities, sharp turns, or changes in vessel diameter.

The two factors that determine blood flow through a vessel are: 1. Pressure difference: The force that pushes blood through the vessel. 2. Vascular resistance: The impediment to blood flow.

Conductance of blood in a vessel is (d) A measure of the blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference. It's essentially the opposite of resistance, indicating how easily blood flows.

The true sentence about blood flow is The total conductance for blood flow is the sum of the conductance of each parallel pathway.

Poiseuille's Law states that the rate of blood flow is directly proportional to the vessel's diameter. It's the main factor affecting flow, considering the velocities of different blood layers.

The true statement about blood vessels distensibility is (d) Pulmonary arteries normally operate under pressures lesser than the systemic circulation so pulmonary arteries are less distensible. Pulmonary arteries have lower pressure compared to systemic ones, thus requiring less distensibility.

The true statement is (d) The greater the stroke volume output, the greater the amount of blood that must be accommodated in the arterial tree with each heartbeat, this causes greater pulse pressure. A larger stroke volume creates a more forceful pulse, leading to greater pressure difference.

The factors that affect pulse pressure are: 1. Stroke volume output of the heart: A higher stroke volume increases pulse pressure. 2. Compliance of the arterial tree: A more compliant system absorbs pressure fluctuations, lowering pulse pressure. 3. Character of ejection from the heart during systole: A rapid ejection creates a higher pulse pressure.

The true sentence about the osmotic pressure is (e) All are true except a. Osmotic pressure is driven by the concentration difference of solutes, pulling fluid towards the higher solute concentration. In the context of capillaries, it's primarily due to plasma proteins.

The correct answer is (e) If the sum of the Starling forces is positive, there will be a net fluid absorption from the interstitial spaces into the capillaries. A positive net filtration pressure indicates that fluid will move into the capillaries.

The false sentence about the lymphatic system is (d) The total quantity of all this lymph is normally 2 to 3 liters each day. The total lymph volume is much larger than 2-3 liters per day, closer to 2-4 liters.

The correct statement about the pores is (c) In the brain, the junctions between the capillary endothelial cells are mainly “tight” junctions that allow only extremely small molecules. The blood-brain barrier restricts passage of many substances.

The most important factor for opening and closing metarterioles and precapillary sphincters is (b) concentration of oxygen in the tissues. When tissue oxygen is low, these vessels open to increase blood flow.

The cyclical opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is called (d) Vasomotion. It's a dynamic process that regulates local blood flow based on tissue needs.

The powerful vasoconstrictor hormone is (b) Norepinephrine. It's part of the

The correct answer is (d) The brain. The brain is highly sensitive to changes in CO2 levels, and vasodilation helps to regulate blood flow and remove CO2.

The functions of the circulatory system are: 1. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients: Providing essential substances for cell function. 2. Removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions: Eliminating waste products. 3. Maintenance of proper concentrations of other ions: Regulating electrolytes. 4. Transport of various hormones and other substances: Communication between different tissues. 5. Supply the special requirements of blood flow to certain organs: Adapting to organ-specific needs.

The true statement about nervous regulation of circulation is (c) Vasomotor center in the brain is located bilaterally mainly in the reticular substance of the medulla and the lower third of the pons. The vasomotor center controls blood vessel tone.

The true location is (c) Vasodilator area is located bilaterally in the anterolateral portions of lower half of the medulla. The vasodilator area helps to relax blood vessels.

The false sentence about arterial pressure is (c) Sympathetic have a direct effect decreasing contractile force of heart muscle. Sympathetic stimulation increases heart contractility, not decreases it.

The false statement about baroreceptors is (c) Baroreceptors are in few quantities in the wall of aortic arch. There are actually many baroreceptors in the aortic arch, as well as in the carotid sinus.