Blood: Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

  • 70%
  • 55% (correct)
  • 45%
  • 30%

Which type of white blood cell is most responsible for killing bacteria and pathogens?

  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)

What role do platelets play in the body?

  • Transport oxygen
  • Produce hormones
  • Stop bleeding (correct)
  • Fight infections

Which component of plasma makes up the highest percentage?

<p>Albumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the development of blood cells?

<p>Hemopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

<p>Provide immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formed element is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens?

<p>Monocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about erythrocytes is true?

<p>They contain hemoglobin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of hemolysis in the bloodstream?

<p>Liberation of hemoglobin in plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

<p>Release of enzymes like histaminases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

<p>Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cells primarily increases the overall inflammatory response?

<p>Basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total white blood cells do neutrophils comprise?

<p>60 - 70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature do erythrocytes possess that aids in their function?

<p>Biconcave disc shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polycythemia is primarily characterized by which condition?

<p>Increased concentration of red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of hemoglobin?

<p>Globin (protein) and haem (non-protein) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>97% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of neutrophils?

<p>Contains granules that stain easily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?

<p>Granules that cannot be seen with a light microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?

<p>Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of anemia is there insufficient red blood cell production due to poor bone marrow function?

<p>Aplastic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to hemolysis?

<p>Exposure to hypotonic saline solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is essential for the function of the haem portion of hemoglobin?

<p>Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the binding of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin is true?

<p>It forms carboxyhemoglobin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter range of monocytes?

<p>12-20 μm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In blood group A, what type of antibodies are present in the serum?

<p>Anti B antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group is known as the universal donor?

<p>Blood group O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the hemagglutination reaction?

<p>Antigens aggregate due to antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of humans are Rh positive?

<p>85% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of blood group AB?

<p>Contains antigens A and B but no antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ are macrophages primarily formed from monocytes?

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vitamin K in the blood clotting process?

<p>Aids in prothrombin production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a low platelet count and can lead to bleeding into skin and internal organs?

<p>Thrombocytopenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing platelets under the influence of thrombopoietin?

<p>Megakaryocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with hemophilia?

<p>Excessive bruising (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood clot after it forms?

<p>It begins to contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of platelets per microliter of blood?

<p>150,000 to 400,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of thrombocytopenia related to the brain?

<p>Increased risk of stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the urine of individuals with hemophilia?

<p>Blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood for the first time?

<p>No antibodies are formed initially. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is involved in the prevention of blood loss?

<p>Vascular spasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thrombin in blood coagulation?

<p>It converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, what prevents damage to the first fetus?

<p>The mother's body has no prior exposure to Rh positive blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor initiates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation?

<p>Prothrombinase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the second pregnancy of an Rh negative mother with an Rh positive fetus?

<p>Anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathway is the intrinsic pathway associated with in blood coagulation?

<p>It is a complex and slow process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for forming a platelet plug during hemostasis?

<p>Platelets adhering to the injury site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Composition

Blood is 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.

Plasma Components

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and other components make up plasma.

Formed Elements

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are formed elements.

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Hemopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation.

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Leukocytes (WBC)

White blood cells help fight infection.

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Blood Function: Transport

Blood transports gases, nutrients, and waste.

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Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

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Hemoglobin structure

Hemoglobin is a protein made of globin and heme, carrying oxygen in red blood cells.

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Hemoglobin's role in oxygen transport

Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, enabling efficient oxygen delivery.

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Hemoglobin's role in CO2 Transport

Hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.

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Normal Hemoglobin levels (adult male)

Adult males typically have hemoglobin levels between 13.5 and 18 gm/dl.

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Anemia

A condition where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced due to insufficient red blood cells.

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Sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to misshapen red blood cells.

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RBC Function

Red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, maintaining the body's oxygen needs.

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Role of Hemoglobin(Hb) in blood group

Hemoglobin is crucial for determining blood types, which are categorized based on its specific structure and composition.

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Hemolysis

The breakdown of red blood cells, releasing hemoglobin into the plasma.

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Polycythemia

An increased number of red blood cells in the blood, making it thicker and harder to pump.

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Granulocytes

White blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm, categorized by how they stain.

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Neutrophils

The most common type of white blood cell, having a multi-lobed nucleus and playing a vital role in fighting infection.

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Eosinophils

White blood cells with a bi-lobed nucleus and a role in fighting parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

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Basophils

The least common type of white blood cell, with an irregular shaped nucleus and a role in inflammation.

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Agranulocytes

White blood cells with very small granules in the cytoplasm that are difficult to see with a light microscope.

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Lymphocyte Function

Lymphocytes are responsible for generating antibodies (B lymphocytes) and for cellular immunity (T lymphocytes).

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Monocyte Function

Monocytes transform into macrophages, which are powerful cells that engulf and destroy harmful invaders in the body.

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Blood Transfusion

The process of transferring blood from a donor to a recipient through a vein.

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Donor

The person who provides blood for a transfusion.

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Recipient

The person receiving blood during a transfusion.

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Blood Group Factors

Antigens present on the surface of red blood cells that determine a person's blood group.

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Universal Recipient

The blood type that can receive blood from any other blood type.

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Universal Donor

The blood type that can donate blood to any other blood type.

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Rh incompatibility

A condition where an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to the production of anti-Rh antibodies in the mother's blood.

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Erythroblastosis fetalis

A serious condition in newborns caused by Rh incompatibility, where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells leading to anemia, jaundice, and potentially, death.

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First Rh-positive pregnancy

In the initial pregnancy involving an Rh-positive fetus, the mother may produce anti-Rh antibodies, but these antibodies usually don't harm the first baby.

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Second Rh-positive pregnancy

In subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses, the mother's pre-existing anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells, causing erythroblastosis fetalis.

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Hemolytic jaundice

A condition in newborns with erythroblastosis fetalis, characterized by excessive destruction of red blood cells leading to jaundice.

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Vascular Spasm

The immediate constriction of blood vessels after injury, reducing blood flow to the affected area.

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Platelet Plug

A cluster of platelets that stick together at the site of injury to temporarily seal the wound.

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Blood Coagulation

The process of blood clotting, involving a complex cascade of reactions that ultimately forms fibrin, which creates a mesh-like network trapping blood cells, forming a clot.

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Extrinsic Pathway

This pathway uses tissue factor, found outside the body, to initiate blood clotting.

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Vitamin K's Role

Vitamin K is crucial for producing several clotting factors, including prothrombin, factor VII, factor IX, and factor X.

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What's a Blood Clot?

A blood clot forms when blood cells, platelets, and plasma become trapped in strengthened fibrin fibers, attaching to damaged blood vessel surfaces.

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Thrombocytopenia

This disorder causes a low platelet count, leading to bleeding into the skin and internal organs.

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Major Causes of Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia can arise from either bone marrow failing to produce enough platelets or excessive platelet destruction in the spleen.

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Hemophilia

This inherited disorder involves deficiencies in blood clotting factors, causing excessive bleeding.

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Factor VIII and Hemophilia

Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency in factor VIII, a protein crucial for blood clotting.

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Hemophilia Symptoms

Hemophilia causes complications like easy bruising, painful muscle and joint swelling due to internal bleeding, and blood in urine.

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Study Notes

Blood Composition

  • Blood is a specialized connective tissue.
  • It circulates within a closed system of blood vessels.
  • It consists of formed elements suspended in a pale yellow fluid called plasma.
  • Total blood volume is approximately 8% of total body weight.
  • Body temperature is around 38°C.
  • Blood pH is about 7.4, slightly alkaline.

Blood Functions

  • Transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
  • Transports metabolic waste products to organs for excretion (lungs, kidneys, skin, intestines).
  • Carries absorbed nutrients to the liver and other tissues.
  • Regulates water balance.
  • Regulates body temperature.
  • Transports hormones, vitamins, and salts.
  • Transports metabolites.
  • Provides protection against infection through white blood cells (WBCs) and antibodies.
  • Helps maintain normal acid-base balance.
  • Plays a role in blood clotting through internal factors.

Blood Plasma

  • Composed of 90-92% water.
  • Includes dissolved organic and inorganic components, as well as some plasma proteins.
  • Normal plasma volume is about 7-8% of total body weight.
  • Plasma proteins (albumin and globulin) act as buffers and bind with lipids, hormones, vitamins, and minerals.
  • Fibrinogens are crucial for blood clotting.
  • Immunoglobulins are protective molecules (antibodies).
  • Dissolved salts and inorganic components include Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, and phosphate.
  • Nutrients include glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, cholesterol, and vitamins.
  • Waste components include urea, creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin.

Formed Elements

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs):

    • Formed from proerythroblasts, derived from hematopoietic stem cells.
    • Contain hemoglobin.
    • Biconcave disc shape.
    • Diameter of 7-8 mm, thickness of about 2 mm.
    • Lack a nucleus.
    • Carry oxygen.

  • Leukocytes (WBCs):

    • Nucleated, non-hemoglobin-containing cells.
    • Derived from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.
    • Normal count: 4000-10000 cells/mm³.
    • Granulocytes (75% of total WBCs):
      • Contain cytoplasmic granules; classified by staining properties.
      • Neutrophils: Most common type; move toward infection sites to phagocytose microorganisms, effective against parasites.
      • Eosinophils: Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes, effective against parasites.
      • Basophils: Convert into mass cells at infection sites; release histamine, serotonin, and heparin to attract other WBCs to infection sites.
    • Agranulocytes (25% of total WBCs):
      • Lack easily visible cytoplasmic granules.
      • Lymphocytes: Involved in antibody formation (B lymphocytes) and cellular immunity (T lymphocytes).
      • Monocytes: Convert into macrophages; highly phagocytic.

  • Thrombocytes (Platelets):

    • Non-nucleated cells derived from megakaryocytes.
    • Formed in bone marrow from megakaryoblasts.
    • Fragments enclosed in a plasma membrane.
    • Normal value: 150,000-400,000/μL of blood.
    • Crucial for blood clotting.

Hemopoiesis (Haematopoiesis)

  • Process of blood cell development.
  • RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are formed in bone marrow.
  • Active marrow: red bone marrow; inactive marrow: white bone marrow.
  • Derived from hematopoietic stem cells.

Blood Groups and Transfusion

  • Blood group determined by antigens on RBC surface.
  • ABO system classifies blood into A, B, AB, and O types.
    • Blood group A: Antigen A present; anti-B antibodies in serum.
    • Blood group B: Antigen B present; anti-A antibodies in serum.
    • Blood group AB: Antigen A and B present; no antibodies in serum (universal recipient).
    • Blood group O: No antigens present; anti-A and anti-B antibodies in serum (universal donor).
  • Rh factor (Rhesus blood group system):
    • Antigen on RBCs; 85% of humans are Rh+.
    • Rh- individuals can develop anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood.
    • Can cause serious complications in subsequent pregnancies involving a Rh+ fetus.

Blood Disorders

  • Anemia: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to RBC deficiency.
    • Aplastic anemia: Bone marrow dysfunction, insufficient RBCs.
    • Blood loss anemia: Rapid hemorrhage.
    • Megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
    • Hemolytic anemia: Defects in hemoglobin or RBCs' membrane/ enzymes.
    • Iron deficiency anemia: Insufficient iron absorption or excessive loss.
    • Sickle cell anemia: Genetic mutation causing abnormal hemoglobin; RBCs take on a sickle shape, leading to organ damage.
  • Haemolysis: Breakdown of erythrocytes, with the release of hemoglobin into the plasma.
  • Polycythemia: Increased RBC concentration in blood (due to increased RBC production).

Blood Clotting (Hemostasis)

  • Homeostatic processes prevent blood loss.
  • Mechanisms include:
    • Vascular spasm: Immediate vessel constriction following injury.
    • Platelet plug formation: Platelets adhere to exposed collagen, aggregate, and form a plug.
    • Blood coagulation: Plasma proteins form a fibrin clot.
  • Clotting factors:
    • Series of 12 proteins involved in the cascade reaction.
  • Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways: Two main pathways for prothrombinase formation.
  • Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.
  • Clot formation: Blood cells, platelets, and plasma get trapped in fibrin threads.
  • Serum: Extracted fluid after clot contraction.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells.
  • Megakaryoblasts → Megakaryocytes → Platelet fragments.
  • Crucial for blood clotting.
  • Normal value: 150,000-400,000 /µL of blood.

Thrombocytopenia

  • Decreased platelet count, leading to bleeding issues (in the skin and internal organs).
  • Possible causes include bone marrow failure or excessive platelet destruction.
  • Easy bruising, rashes, and bleeding in the nose and gums are common symptoms

Hemophilia

  • Inherited clotting factor deficiency.
  • Primarily affects males.
  • Common symptoms include easy or prolonged bleeding following minor injury, internal bleeding.
  • Deficiency of clotting factor VIII is a typical feature..

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