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Questions and Answers
What is the normal volume percentage of erythrocytes in healthy adult blood?
What is the normal volume percentage of erythrocytes in healthy adult blood?
Which of the following is not a formed element in blood?
Which of the following is not a formed element in blood?
What is the primary component of plasma?
What is the primary component of plasma?
Which anticoagulant can be used to prevent blood clotting?
Which anticoagulant can be used to prevent blood clotting?
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During centrifugation of blood treated with anticoagulants, what is the name of the layer that contains leukocytes and platelets?
During centrifugation of blood treated with anticoagulants, what is the name of the layer that contains leukocytes and platelets?
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What percentage of blood volume does plasma typically constitute?
What percentage of blood volume does plasma typically constitute?
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What is the pH level of plasma?
What is the pH level of plasma?
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Which of the following substances are primarily dissolved in plasma?
Which of the following substances are primarily dissolved in plasma?
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What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
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What is the average diameter of a human erythrocyte?
What is the average diameter of a human erythrocyte?
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What structural characteristic of erythrocytes enhances their ability to perform gas exchange?
What structural characteristic of erythrocytes enhances their ability to perform gas exchange?
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What happens to erythrocytes at the angles of capillary bifurcations?
What happens to erythrocytes at the angles of capillary bifurcations?
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Which of the following plasma proteins is essential for blood clotting?
Which of the following plasma proteins is essential for blood clotting?
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Which membrane protein is primarily responsible for the blood type classification system?
Which membrane protein is primarily responsible for the blood type classification system?
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What is the usual concentration range of erythrocytes in women per microliter of blood?
What is the usual concentration range of erythrocytes in women per microliter of blood?
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What component primarily constitutes the erythrocyte membrane?
What component primarily constitutes the erythrocyte membrane?
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What role does the submembranous meshwork play in erythrocytes?
What role does the submembranous meshwork play in erythrocytes?
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What is the primary source of energy for erythrocytes?
What is the primary source of energy for erythrocytes?
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Which statement about the lifespan of erythrocytes is correct?
Which statement about the lifespan of erythrocytes is correct?
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What is a consequence of the mutation in the hemoglobin β chain associated with sickle cell disease?
What is a consequence of the mutation in the hemoglobin β chain associated with sickle cell disease?
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How are senescent erythrocytes typically removed from circulation?
How are senescent erythrocytes typically removed from circulation?
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What are the changes that occur in erythrocytes after about 120 days of circulation?
What are the changes that occur in erythrocytes after about 120 days of circulation?
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Which form of hemoglobin is produced when hemoglobin combines with oxygen?
Which form of hemoglobin is produced when hemoglobin combines with oxygen?
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What is the main effect of sickle-shaped erythrocytes on the circulatory system?
What is the main effect of sickle-shaped erythrocytes on the circulatory system?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition and Functions
- Blood is a specialized connective tissue, containing cells suspended in fluid plasma.
- Approximately 5 liters of blood flows unidirectionally through the closed circulatory system in an average adult.
- Formed elements in plasma include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
Plasma Composition
- Plasma is an aqueous solution (pH 7.4) primarily composed of plasma proteins (about 7% of the total volume).
- Other components include nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions (electrolytes).
- The composition of plasma reflects the mean composition of extracellular fluid in tissues.
- Major plasma proteins include albumin, alpha/beta globulins, gamma globulins, fibrinogen, and complement proteins.
Blood Clot Formation
- When blood leaves the circulatory system, plasma proteins interact to form a clot, containing formed elements and serum.
- Serum is a pale yellow liquid containing growth factors and other proteins released from platelets during clot formation.
- These proteins have different properties compared to plasma.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Erythrocytes are terminally differentiated cells devoid of nuclei and filled with hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein.
- They are biconcave discs, flexible for navigating capillaries.
- Normal erythrocyte count ranges from 3.9 to 5.5 million per microliter in women and 4.1 to 6.0 million per microliter in men.
- Erythrocytes have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.
- Their biconcave shape provides a large surface-to-volume ratio, facilitating gas exchange.
- The plasmalemma of an erythrocyte is primarily composed of lipids (40%), carbohydrates (10%), and proteins (50%).
Blood Cell Study
- Blood smears are prepared by spreading a drop of blood on a microscope slide and stained to visualize cells.
- Common stains include mixtures of acidic (eosin) and basic (methylene blue) dyes.
- Blood cells are studied for their nuclei and cytoplasmic characteristics.
- Special dyes can selectively stain granules within cytoplasm.
Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia
- Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein responsible for oxygen transport and is the main component of erythrocytes.
- Inherited alterations in hemoglobin structure can lead to conditions like sickle cell anemia, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin with polymerization.
- Polymerization causes erythrocytes to become rigid, misshapen ("sickled"), damaging blood vessels and reducing oxygen delivery to tissues.
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood composition, its functions, and the processes involved in blood clotting. Explore the components and characteristics of blood, plasma, and the importance of formed elements. This quiz is essential for understanding the vital role of blood in the human body.
