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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mature red blood cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mature red blood cells?
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
What is the role of the von Willebrand factor in platelet plug formation?
What is the role of the von Willebrand factor in platelet plug formation?
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In the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, which of the following factors activates Factor X?
In the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, which of the following factors activates Factor X?
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Which condition involves an abnormally low number of leukocytes in the blood, increasing susceptibility to infections?
Which condition involves an abnormally low number of leukocytes in the blood, increasing susceptibility to infections?
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What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?
What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?
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Which type of anemia is caused by a failure to absorb vitamin B12?
Which type of anemia is caused by a failure to absorb vitamin B12?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of neutrophils?
Which of the following is a characteristic of neutrophils?
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What happens to the iron released from hemoglobin after a red blood cell dies?
What happens to the iron released from hemoglobin after a red blood cell dies?
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Which of these factors contributes to the higher colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of plasma compared to interstitial fluid?
Which of these factors contributes to the higher colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of plasma compared to interstitial fluid?
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Which of these statements about the components of centrifuged blood is incorrect?
Which of these statements about the components of centrifuged blood is incorrect?
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How does a higher pH in blood affect its oxygen carrying capacity?
How does a higher pH in blood affect its oxygen carrying capacity?
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What is the primary function of globulins in plasma?
What is the primary function of globulins in plasma?
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Which of the following statements about blood is correct?
Which of the following statements about blood is correct?
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Flashcards
Blood volume
Blood volume
About 5 liters in an adult; varies by individual size.
Blood viscosity
Blood viscosity
Blood is 4-5 times thicker than water.
Hematocrit
Hematocrit
Percentage of blood volume made up of formed elements; males 42-56%, females 38-46%.
Plasma composition
Plasma composition
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Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
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Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Anemia
Anemia
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Blood types
Blood types
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Rh factor
Rh factor
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Leukocytes
Leukocytes
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Platelets
Platelets
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Coagulation
Coagulation
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Leukopenia
Leukopenia
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Study Notes
Blood Composition and Function
- Adult human blood volume ranges from 4 to 6 liters, depending on size.
- Blood is approximately 5 times thicker than water.
- Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45.
- Blood temperature is 1°C higher than body temperature.
- Blood is a colloid, meaning it contains dispersed proteins in a liquid (water) medium.
Blood Components
- Blood, when centrifuged, separates into plasma (55%), formed elements (platelets and white blood cells -1%, and red blood cells -44%.
- Hematocrit is the percentage of formed elements in blood.
- Adult males: 42-56%
- Adult females: 38-46%
- Plasma is 92% water, 7% plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen), and 1% dissolved molecules and ions.
- Plasma proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure (COP), preventing fluid loss from blood vessels.
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin: Most abundant plasma protein (58%), produced in the liver, acts as a transportation protein.
- Globulins: Second largest group (37%), important in transport, immunity, and blood clotting (alpha and beta subtypes).
- Fibrinogen: Plays a crucial role in blood clotting (4%).
Formed Elements
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Lack a nucleus, increasing hemoglobin space.
- Average lifespan: 90-120 days.
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Two groups (Granulocytes/Agranulocytes)
- Granulocytes: (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
- Agranulocytes: (Lymphocytes, Monocytes).
Granulocytes: Description and functions
- Neutrophils: Most numerous, multilobed nucleus, pale-staining granules
- Eosinophils: 1-4% of leukocytes, bilobed nucleus, reddish granules
- Basophils: 0.5-1% of leukocytes, bilobed nucleus, blue-violet granules
Agranulocytes: Description and functions.
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Monocytes: C-shaped nucleus, 2-8% of blood leukocytes, take up residence in tissues.
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Lymphocytes: Lymphoid organs, 20-40% of blood leukocytes, dark staining, (T-cells, B-cells, and Natural Killer cells – T-cells manage immune responses, B-cells produce antibodies, and NK cells attack abnormal cells).
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Platelets: Small cell fragments, no nucleus, crucial to hemostasis (blood clotting).
Hematopoiesis
- Formation of blood cells, predominantly in red bone marrow.
Blood Types
- ABO Blood Grouping: Determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.
- Rh Factor: Determines positive or negative blood type (Rh+ or Rh-). Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies may require RhoGAM injections.
- Universal Donor: Blood type O.
Blood Disorders
- Anemia: Reduced red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels, characterized by symptoms like shortness of breath, pallor, and palpitations. Types of anemia include aplastic, congenital hemolytic, erythroblastic, hemorrhagic, and pernicious.
- Sickle Cell Disease: Genetic disorder resulting in abnormal hemoglobin.
- Blood Doping: Increasing red blood cell count artificially, can cause serious cardiovascular issues.
- Leukopenia: Low white blood cell count.
- Leukocytosis: High white blood cell count.
- Neutrophilia: Increased neutrophil count, often associated with bacterial infections.
Blood Clotting
- Hemostasis: Process of stopping bleeding.
- Vascular Spasm: Initial constriction of injured blood vessels.
- Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets adhere to collagen and aggregate to form a plug.
- Coagulation Phase: Formation of a fibrin mesh that traps cells and forms a clot.
- Intrinsic Pathway and Extrinsic Pathway: Two pathways that lead to clot formation.
Blood Recycling
- When blood cells die the hemoglobin from those cells is recycled by the body. The iron from hemoglobin is transported to the liver.
- The heme portion of hemoglobin, without iron, becomes bilirubin, part of bile, and is eliminated in feces.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the composition and functions of blood in the human body. This quiz covers important aspects such as blood volume, pH, and the roles of various blood components like plasma and proteins. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.
