Blood Composition and Plasma Constituents
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

  • Transport gas, mainly oxygen (correct)
  • Transport waste
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Transport nutrients

    • Erythrocytes have a nucleus.

    False

    What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

    120 days

    Hemoglobin is a large, complex molecule consisting of a globular protein and a pigmented complex called __________.

    <p>haem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is blood that is rich in oxygen?

    <p>Bright red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Oxyhemoglobin = Hemoglobin bound to oxygen Hypoxia = Low oxygen levels in tissues Transferrin = Transport protein for iron Capillaries = Small blood vessels for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shape of erythrocytes allows them to reduce turbulence in the bloodstream.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers hemoglobin to release oxygen more readily to active tissues?

    <p>Low pH and higher temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma proteins make up about 10% of the plasma volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?

    <p>Maintain normal plasma osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main constituent of plasma is _____, making up 90-92% of its volume.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plasma proteins with their primary functions:

    <p>Albumin = Maintains osmotic pressure Globulins = Acts as antibodies Fibrinogen = Essential for coagulation of blood α2 macroglobulin = Inhibits trypsin activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Carrying oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clotting factors are primarily formed in the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to osmotic pressure if plasma protein levels fall?

    <p>Osmotic pressure is reduced, leading to fluid shifts into tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range for acidity and alkalinity in the human body?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are waste products of carbohydrate metabolism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells give rise to lymphocytes?

    <p>Lymphoid stem cells (LCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is mostly transported in the blood bound to __________.

    <p>haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of blood cells with their primary function:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen Leukocytes = Defense against infections Platelets = Blood clotting Stem cells = Formation of different blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main mechanisms of oxygen transport in blood?

    <p>Dissolved in plasma and bound to haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All types of blood cells are synthesized in the red bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is characterized by the presence of granules?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are primarily responsible for the defense against bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of leukocytes?

    <p>Granulocytes and agranulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils release __________ to prevent intravascular blood clotting.

    <p>heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the function of neutrophils?

    <p>They provide the first line of defense against microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of granulocyte with its primary function:

    <p>Neutrophils = First line of defense against microorganisms Eosinophils = Defense against parasites Basophils = Healing and acute hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the granules of neutrophils contain that aids in their antimicrobial function?

    <p>Enzymes and defensins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The count of eosinophils increases during allergic conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood group can be given to people with any blood group?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with AB blood group can receive blood from O group without any complications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the antigen present in Rh positive individuals?

    <p>D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a Rh negative person is exposed to Rh positive blood for the first time, they will form __________.

    <p>anti D antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood type with its characteristics:

    <p>O = Universal donor AB = Universal recipient Rh+ = Has D antigen Rh− = Does not have D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be considered during blood transfusion?

    <p>Antigen of the donor and antibody of the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross matching is performed after a blood transfusion to ensure compatibility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed if agglutination occurs during cross matching?

    <p>The blood from that donor is not used for transfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is primarily responsible for the stickiness of platelets?

    <p>Thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agglutination refers to the clumping together of platelets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three important properties of platelets?

    <p>Agglutination, role in blood clotting, role in clot retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hemostasis, platelets release _____ to assist in blood vessel constriction.

    <p>5 HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the roles of platelets with their functions:

    <p>Role in blood clotting = Formation of intrinsic prothrombin activator Role in reduction of blood loss = Secretion of 5 HT and temporary plug formation Role in repair of ruptured blood vessel = Release of PDGF Role in defense mechanism = Agglutination and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contractile proteins in platelets are responsible for clot retraction?

    <p>Actin, Myosin, Thrombosthenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemostasis consists of five main stages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial physiological response occurs immediately after blood vessel injury?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Composition

    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue, constantly circulating throughout the body, propelled by the heart's pumping action.
    • Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, antibodies, immune cells, clotting factors, and waste products.
    • Blood is composed of a clear, straw-colored, watery fluid called plasma, with various blood cells suspended within it.
    • Plasma makes up approximately 55% of total blood volume.
    • Cellular components (blood cells) account for the remaining 45% of blood volume.

    Plasma Constituents

    • The main constituent of plasma is water (90-92%).
    • Dissolved and suspended substances in plasma include:
      • Plasma proteins (approximately 7%)
      • Inorganic salts (electrolytes)
      • Nutrients
      • Waste products
      • Hormones
      • Gases

    Plasma Proteins

    • Plasma proteins, primarily albumin and fibrinogen, are too large to escape through capillary pores.
    • They are formed in the liver
    • Function:
      • Creating osmotic pressure within blood
      • Maintaining plasma viscosity (thickness)
      • Reduction in plasma protein levels leads to fluid shifts into tissues (edema).

    Specific Plasma Proteins (Albumin)

    • Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein
    • Function:
      • Maintaining normal blood osmotic pressure
      • Acting as a carrier for fatty acids, some drugs, and steroid hormones.

    Specific Plasma Proteins (Globulins)

    • Most globulins are produced in the liver, with some originating in lymphoid tissue.
    • Function:
      • Antibodies (immunoglobulins), binding to and neutralizing foreign materials (e.g., microorganisms).
      • Transporting hormones and mineral salts (e.g., thyroglobulin carries thyroxine).
      • Inhibiting certain proteolytic enzymes.

    Clotting Factors

    • Essential for blood clotting.
    • Serum is plasma from which clotting factors have been removed.
    • Fibrinogen, synthesized in the liver, is an essential clotting factor.

    Inorganic (Mineral) Salts

    • Involved in various bodily activities, including muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmission, secretion formation, and acid-base balance maintenance.
    • Blood's alkalinity is measured by pH, typically ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.

    Nutrients

    • Food is broken down into small molecules (e.g., monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids) in the alimentary tract and absorbed.
    • Along with mineral salts, nutrients supply energy, heat, and materials for repair and replacement, and are essential for blood component and body secretion synthesis.

    Waste Products

    • Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism.
    • These waste products are formed in the liver and transported to kidneys for excretion.
    • Carbon dioxide, a waste product of tissue metabolism, is transported to the lungs for excretion.

    Hormones

    • Hormones are chemical messengers synthesized by endocrine glands.
    • They are secreted into the blood and transported to their target tissues/organs.

    Gases (Oxygen)

    • Oxygen is not very soluble in water; only a small amount can be transported dissolved in plasma.
    • Haemoglobin in red blood cells is crucial for oxygen transport (98% of oxygen in blood).
    • Haemoglobin also binds some carbon dioxide.
    • Most carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ions in red blood cells, then transported in the plasma.

    Cellular Content of Blood

    • Stem cells in bone marrow give rise to blood cells.
    • These are called pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC).
    • Committed stem cells form more specific cell types
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
    • Platelets (thrombocytes)

    Erythrocytes

    • Most abundant blood cells (99% of blood cells)

    • Develop from stem cells in about 7 days (erythropoiesis)

    • Released into bloodstream as reticulocytes, maturing over a few days

    • Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport

    • Biconcave discs for increased surface area

    • No nucleus for efficient oxygen transport

    • Live an average of 120 days

    • Oxygen transport mechanism:

      • Oxygen binds reversibly to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.

    • Low oxygen levels drive further oxygen release.

    • Temperature and pH also influence oxygen release rates.

    • The various stages in erythropoiesis include: - proerythroblast - early normoblast - intermediate normoblast - late normoblast - reticulocyte - mature erythrocyte

    Erythrocyte Destruction

    • Life span of erythrocytes is approximately 120 days
    • Breakdown handled by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells in spleen, bone marrow, and liver.
    • Hemoglobin breakdown yields iron and bilirubin.
    • Iron is recycled and bilirubin is excreted as bile.

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • White blood cells are colorless and nucleated.
    • Play vital roles in body defense mechanisms.
    • Classified into granulocytes (with granules) and agranulocytes (without granules)

    Granulocytes

    • Neutrophils: First line of defense against microorganisms, using enzymes (proteases, myeloperoxidases, elastases, metalloproteinases), and antimicrobial peptides (defensins).
    • Eosinophils: Primarily act against parasites; their granules contain substances that become cytotoxic when released.
    • Basophils: Crucial for inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., allergies). Their granules release histamine and heparin (important chemicals).
    • Mast cells: Large tissue cells resembling basophils, present in bone marrow and blood vessels, play important roles in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Mast cells secrete heparin, histamine, serotonin, and hydrolytic enzymes.

    Agranulocytes

    • Monocytes: Mobile and phagocytic (capable of engulfing foreign material). Produce several important factors. They mature into tissue macrophages
    • Lymphocytes: Classified into T-lymphocytes (cellular immunity) and B-lymphocytes (humoral immunity).

    Platelets

    • Thrombocytes; small, colorless, non-nucleated cell fragments originating from megakaryocytes.
    • Essential for hemostasis (arrest of bleeding)
    • Involved in these three main properties:
      • Adhesion
      • Aggregation
      • Agglutination
    • Essential Roles:
      • blood clot formation; this process involves intrinsic prothrombin activator formation.
      • blood clot retraction, involves the proteins actin, myosin, and thrombosthenin. The contractile proteins facilitate clot retraction
      • prevention of blood loss (hemostasis) through:
        • constriction of blood vessels.
        • sealing damage in blood vessels.
        • formation of a temporary plug.
      • repair of ruptured blood vessels, using platelet-derived growth factor-PDGF formed in cytoplasm
      • defense mechanism through agglutination, encircling and killing foreign material through phagocytosis.

    Haemostasis

    • Definition: Arrest of bleeding or stoppage of bleeding

    • Stages:

      1. Vasoconstriction
      2. Platelet plug formation
      3. Coagulation of blood
      4. Thrombolysis

    Blood Grouping

    • Red blood cell membranes have antigens; these can trigger immune responses if incompatible.
    • ABO system classifies blood types A, B, AB, and O based on the presence/absence of A and B antigens.
    • Rh factor (another antigen) leads to either Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood types
    • Essential factor in blood transfusion: ensuring only compatible blood is used.

    Cross-matching

    • Essential step in blood transfusion.
    • Involves mixing recipient serum with donor red blood cells.
    • Agglutination indicates incompatibility; incompatible blood is not used in transfusion.

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    Description

    Explore the essential components of blood, including its fluid nature and cellular makeup. This quiz delves into the role of plasma, its major constituents, and the diverse functions of plasma proteins. Test your knowledge on how blood circulates and supports bodily functions.

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