Blood Composition and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of blood as the transport medium in the body?

  • Defense against infections
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Stoppage of bleeding
  • Carrying nutrients and oxygen (correct)

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood coagulation?

  • Albumen
  • Prothrombin
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen (correct)

Plasma constitutes what percentage of the total blood volume?

  • 90%
  • 55% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 45%

What is the primary function of albumen in blood plasma?

<p>Regulation of blood osmolarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average erythrocyte count for adult females?

<p>4.5 - 5 million/mm3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

<p>Production of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of formation for most plasma proteins?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely reason for a person living at high altitude to have a higher number of red blood cells?

<p>Low oxygen in the atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clear yellowish fluid that is released during clot retraction called?

<p>Serum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is not dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis?

<p>Factor VIII (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism results in the closure of a vessel hole with fibrous tissue?

<p>Fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium (Ca++) play in the blood clotting process?

<p>It is vital in all steps except the first two of the intrinsic pathway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an in vitro anticoagulant?

<p>Citrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by prolonged bleeding after minor trauma?

<p>Hemophilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does heparin prevent blood clotting in the body?

<p>By activating antithrombin III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vitamin K deficiency is true?

<p>It can lead to a bleeding tendency due to reduced factor synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anticoagulant is used primarily for in vitro applications?

<p>Citrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of vascular purpura?

<p>Defect in the vessel wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of hemophilia?

<p>Congenital sex-linked recessive disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios would you expect to see increased clotting time?

<p>Low platelet count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of anti-thrombin III?

<p>To inactivate thrombin not bound to fibrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

<p>Transporting oxygen to tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes hemoglobin (HB) composition?

<p>Adult HB is formed of 2 α and 2 β chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the production of erythropoietin?

<p>Low oxygen availability to tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the production of erythropoietin in adults?

<p>Kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia is characterized by the destruction of bone marrow?

<p>Aplastic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of basophils in the immune response?

<p>Releasing histamine during allergic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about white blood cells is true?

<p>Granulocytes are primarily responsible for bacterial defense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines leukopenia?

<p>A decrease in WBC count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do thyroid hormones play in erythropoiesis?

<p>They enhance erythropoietin action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity develops later in life and is specific to pathogens?

<p>Acquired immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-specific defense mechanism?

<p>Phagocytosis by macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is there an uncontrolled production of WBCs?

<p>Leukemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vitamins are crucial for the formation and maturation of RBCs?

<p>Vitamin B12 and Folic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acquired immunity compared to innate immunity?

<p>It requires previous exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms primarily contributes to vascular spasm during haemostasis?

<p>Nervous reflex initiated by pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T helper cells in cell-mediated immunity?

<p>Help activate B cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of haemostasis?

<p>Vascular spasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During platelet plug formation, which substance is primarily released by activated platelets?

<p>Thromboxane A2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity primarily defends against viral infections?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation?

<p>Trauma to the blood vessel wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for converting prothrombin into thrombin during blood coagulation?

<p>Calcium ions (Ca++). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity?

<p>B lymphocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in blood clot formation after fibrin monomers polymerize?

<p>Stabilization of the fibrin meshwork. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does aspirin play in preventing blood clots?

<p>Inhibits thromboxane A2 formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs directly after the injury of a blood vessel to stop bleeding?

<p>Vascular spasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity utilizes antibodies to combat pathogens?

<p>Humoral immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general time frame for the formation of a blood clot after trauma?

<p>3-6 minutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that contains water, proteins, and other dissolved substances. It makes up about 55% of the blood volume.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

The cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. They are also known as red blood cells.

Platelets

Specialized cells that help stop bleeding by forming clots.

Hematopoiesis

The process of creating blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Albumin

A protein that helps regulate blood osmolarity, a measure of the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood.

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Fibrinogen

A protein involved in blood clotting. It helps form fibrin, which traps blood cells and forms a clot.

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Globulins

A protein in plasma that helps transport many substances, including hormones and minerals.

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Blood Coagulation

The process by which blood clots to stop bleeding, often called clotting.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of creating new red blood cells.

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Erythropoietin

A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

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Hemoglobin (Hb)

The oxygen-carrying red pigment found in red blood cells.

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Anemia

A decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, leading to a lower oxygen-carrying capacity.

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Neutrophils

The first line of defense against bacterial infections.

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Basophils

White blood cells that release histamine and cause allergic reactions.

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Eosinophils

White blood cells that kill parasites and are involved in allergic reactions.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells that are responsible for immune responses.

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Monocytes

White blood cells that phagocytose and kill bacteria more effectively than neutrophils.

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Leukopenia

A condition characterized by a low white blood cell count.

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Leukocytosis

A condition characterized by an abnormally high white blood cell count.

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Agranulocytosis

A condition in which the bone marrow stops producing white blood cells.

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Leukemia

A type of cancer that involves the uncontrolled production of white blood cells.

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Innate Immunity

A type of immunity that is present from birth and is non-specific.

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Acquired Immunity

A type of immunity that develops later in life and is highly specific to particular pathogens.

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Humoral Immunity

A type of acquired immunity mediated by B lymphocytes that produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

A type of acquired immunity mediated by T lymphocytes that directly attack infected cells or destroy pathogens.

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Hemostasis

A process that stops bleeding and prevents blood loss from an injured blood vessel.

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Vascular Spasm

The immediate constriction of a blood vessel in response to injury.

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Platelet Plug

A plug formed by platelets that helps temporarily seal an injured blood vessel.

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Platelet Adhesion

The process by which platelets adhere to exposed collagen in an injured blood vessel.

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Platelet Activation

The activation of platelets when they bind to collagen, causing them to change shape and release signaling molecules.

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Platelet Aggregation

The process by which platelets accumulate at an injured site, forming a loose plug.

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Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

The process of blood clotting where soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin threads.

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Tissue Thromboplastin

A substance released from traumatized tissue that initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting.

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Extrinsic Pathway

The pathway of blood clotting that is initiated by tissue damage outside of the blood vessel.

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Prothrombin Activation

A process of converting prothrombin to thrombin, an active enzyme involved in clot formation.

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Thrombin

The substance that converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads, forming the meshwork of the clot.

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Fibrin

The insoluble protein that forms the meshwork of a blood clot, trapping blood cells.

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Clot Retraction

The contraction of fibrin threads in a blood clot, squeezing out a yellowish fluid called serum.

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Fibrinolysis

The process of dissolving a blood clot by the fibrinolytic system.

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Serum

A clear yellowish fluid separated from a blood clot, similar to plasma but lacking fibrinogen and most clotting factors.

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Calcium's Role in Blood Clotting

Calcium is essential for most of the blood clotting reactions, except the first two steps of the intrinsic pathway.

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Vitamin K's Role in Blood Clotting

Vitamin K is required by the liver to produce five important clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X, and protein C).

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Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A condition characterized by excessive bleeding after minor trauma and prolonged clotting time.

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Hemophilia A

A condition characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal hemorrhages, prolonged bleeding time, and a deficiency of factor VIII.

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Hemophilia B

A condition characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal hemorrhages, prolonged bleeding time, and a deficiency of factor IX.

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Hemophilia C

A condition characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal hemorrhages, prolonged bleeding time, and a deficiency of factor XI.

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In Vitro Anticoagulants

Substances used to prevent blood clotting outside the body.

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In Vivo Anticoagulants

Substances used to prevent bleeding inside the body.

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Heparin

A naturally occurring anticoagulant, produced by mast cells and basophils, that activates antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin and other clotting factors.

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Coumarin Derivatives

A synthetic anticoagulant, derived from plants, that inhibits the production of clotting factors by interfering with vitamin K.

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Glycocalyx in Blood Vessels

The layer of glycocalyx, a sugar-coated layer, that repels clotting factors and platelets, preventing their activation and clot formation.

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Study Notes

Blood Composition and Function

  • Blood is the extracellular fluid circulating in the cardiovascular system.
  • Average volume in a 70 kg man is 5600 ml (80 ml/kg).
  • Blood is a transport medium for substances like glucose and oxygen.
  • Haemostasis involves stopping bleeding through clotting factors.
  • Homeostasis is maintaining internal environment consistency through exchanges with interstitial fluid.
  • Blood defends against microorganisms through phagocytosis and antibody production.

Blood Components

  • Blood is comprised of cells (45%) and plasma (55%).
    • Cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets.
    • Plasma:
      • 90% water, 10% solids
      • Inorganic salts, organic solutes (lipids, glucose, amino acids), and plasma proteins.
    • Plasma Proteins (PP):
      • 7 g/100 ml (or 7 g/dL) average in normal healthy adults
      • Types: Albumen, Globulins, Fibrinogen, and Prothrombin.
      • Albumen mainly regulates blood osmolarity.
      • Fibrinogen and Prothrombin are crucial for blood clotting.
  • The formation of plasma proteins is mainly in the liver, with the exception of gamma globulins produced in lymphoid tissue.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

  • Erythrocytes are the most abundant blood cells, lacking nuclei.
  • Normal counts: Adult males (5-5.5 million/mm³), Adult females (4.5-5 million/mm³), Newborns (6-8 million/mm³), Children (3.5-4.5 million/mm³).
  • People living in high altitudes often have higher RBC counts due to lower atmospheric oxygen.
  • Function: Oxygen transport (lungs to tissues), Carbon dioxide transport (tissues to lungs), Acid-base buffering, Blood viscosity.
  • Haemoglobin (Hb): Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen.
  • Hb structure: 4 polypeptide chains (globin) with heme groups.
    • Adult Hb (HbA): 2 α and 2 β chains
    • Fetal Hb (HbF): 2 α and 2 γ chains
  • Hb concentration (g/dL): Adult males (13.5-18), Adult females (11.5-16 g/dL), Newborns (can reach 18 g/dL).

Erythropoiesis

  • Erythropoiesis is red blood cell production.
  • Factors stimulating erythropoiesis: Lower blood oxygen, hemorrhage, cardio-pulmonary diseases, and increased oxygen demand.
  • Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone (MW = 34,000) primarily produced in the kidney (90%) and liver (10%) in healthy adults
    • Stimulates red blood cell production in decreased oxygen states.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Leukocytes are mobile immune system units. (4000-11,000/mm³).
  • Types: Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) and Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes).
  • Granulocyte lifespan: 4-5 days; Lymphocyte & Monocyte lifespan is years.
  • Neutrophils: First line of defense against bacterial infection, phagocytosis.
  • Basophils: Release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine, bradykinin & serotonin (allergic reactions).
  • Eosinophils: Weak phagocytes, protect against parasitic infections.
  • Lymphocytes: Crucial for acquired immunity (described in immunity section).
  • Monocytes: Powerful phagocytes; engulf and destroy bacteria and large particles, don't die after phagocytosis.

Pathologic Variations in Leukocyte Counts

  • Leukopenia: Low WBC count (<4000/mm³).
  • Leukocytosis: High WBC count (>11,000/mm³).
  • Agranulocytosis: Bone marrow stops WBC production (e.g., due to drugs, radiation).
  • Leukemia: Malignant bone marrow disease; uncontrolled WBC production.

Immunity

  • Immunity is the body's defense against harmful organisms.
  • Innate (non-specific) immunity: Present from birth, rapid, non-specific, doesn't depend on prior exposure. Mechanisms:
  • Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes).
  • Cellular defenses (phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages).
  • Chemical defenses (interferons, lysozymes).
  • Acquired (specific) immunity: Develops later, highly specific, slow, based on prior exposure.
  • Mechanisms: Humoral immunity (B cells, antibodies) and Cell-mediated immunity (T cells).

Haemostasis

  • Haemostasis is blood clotting.
  • Steps:
    • Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction).
    • Platelet plug formation.
    • Blood clot formation.
    • Clot fibrosis.
  • Platelet plug formation: Platelets adhere to exposed collagen, activate, and aggregate forming a plug.
  • Blood clot formation: Extrinsic pathway (trauma to tissues) and intrinsic pathway (trauma to blood) activate clotting factors; Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a meshwork that stabilizes the clot.
  • Clot retraction: Serum is released from the contracting clot.

Prevention of Blood Clotting

  • Endothelial surface factors: Smoothness, glycocalyx repel clotting factors.
  • Blood factors: Thrombomodulin (protein that activates protein C, an anticoagulant), antithrombin III, heparin (activates antithrombin III).

Anticoagulants

  • In vitro: Prevent clotting outside the body (e.g., citrate, oxalate, EDTA).
  • In vivo: Prevent clotting inside the body (e.g., heparin, coumarin derivatives like dicumarol & warfarin).

Anaemias and Blood Disorders

  • Anaemia: Reduced Hb or RBC count (below normal range).
  • Types: Blood loss anaemia, Aplastic anaemia, Megaloblastic anaemia (vitamin deficiency), Haemolytic anaemia.
  • Purpura: Excessive bleeding after minor trauma (thrombocytopenic, thrombotic, vascular).
  • Haemophilia: Congenital blood clotting disorder (A, B, C).

Vitamin K and Blood Clotting

  • Vitamin K is essential for liver production of some clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X, protein C and its co-factor protein S).
  • Deficiency of Vitamin K leads to bleeding tendencies.
  • Lack of Vit K in new borns, prolonged use of antibiotics, and severe liver diseases could lead to vit K deficiency.

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Test your knowledge on the composition and functions of blood, including the roles of various components such as cells and plasma. Explore key concepts like haemostasis and homeostasis. Whether you're studying biology or preparing for an exam, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of this vital fluid.

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