Blood Composition and Function
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Questions and Answers

If a patient's blood exhibits a darker red color than normal, which condition is most likely indicated?

  • Increased blood oxygen saturation.
  • Decreased blood oxygen saturation. (correct)
  • Elevated blood glucose levels.
  • Elevated white blood cell count.

A patient's blood test reveals a significantly elevated hematocrit level. How would this affect the blood's viscosity and what implications might it have?

  • Increased viscosity, potentially leading to hypertension (correct)
  • Decreased viscosity, potentially leading to increased blood flow.
  • Decreased viscosity, potentially leading to hypotension.
  • Increased viscosity, potentially leading to increased blood flow.

Which of the following best describes the primary role of capillaries within the cardiovascular system?

  • To transport blood away from the heart to the lungs.
  • To facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and body tissues. (correct)
  • To transport blood back to the heart from various parts of the body.
  • To regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

If a patient's blood pH consistently reads 7.30, what condition does this indicate, and which system primarily helps to correct this imbalance?

<p>Acidosis, primarily corrected by the respiratory system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which type of blood vessel would most directly interfere with the delivery of oxygenated blood to a muscle tissue?

<p>Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's blood pH falls outside the normal range, which physiological process is most likely to be directly compromised?

<p>Maintaining plasma protein integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is analyzing a centrifuged blood sample. Which layer would contain the highest concentration of leukocytes and platelets?

<p>The middle, thin layer between plasma and erythrocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does testosterone influence hematocrit levels, and why?

<p>Testosterone increases hematocrit by stimulating erythropoietin secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of erythrocytes is essential for their primary function of oxygen transport?

<p>Their biconcave disc shape and lack of a nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient's hematocrit is measured at 60%. Which of the following conditions could potentially explain this result?

<p>Dehydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of plasma proteins in maintaining blood volume?

<p>Plasma proteins contribute to colloid osmotic pressure, preventing fluid loss from the blood into tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with liver disease exhibits significant tissue swelling (edema). Which of the following is the most likely cause?

<p>Decreased production of plasma proteins, resulting in reduced colloid osmotic pressure in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A blood sample is analyzed and found to have a lower than normal concentration of albumin. Which of these scenarios could be a potential consequence of this condition?

<p>Reduced ability to transport hydrophobic hormones and lipids in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are carrier proteins necessary for the transport of some substances in blood plasma?

<p>To increase the solubility of nonpolar molecules in the aqueous environment of the plasma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood plasma maintain a stable internal environment?

<p>By providing a medium for transport of nutrients, electrolytes, and waste, and maintaining osmotic pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of blood plasma?

<p>Formed elements such as erythrocytes and leukocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would significant burns that damage a large area of skin affect plasma protein levels and blood pressure?

<p>Plasma protein levels would decrease, potentially leading to a decrease in blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of blood plasma is most directly dependent on the concentration of plasma proteins?

<p>The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual with type A blood needs a transfusion. Which blood type(s) can they receive?

<p>A and O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with type O negative blood is considered a 'universal donor.' What characteristic of their blood allows this?

<p>Absence of A, B, and Rh antigens on their erythrocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus?

<p>The mother's antibodies may attack the fetal erythrocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does agglutination occur during a blood transfusion with incompatible blood types?

<p>The recipient's antibodies bind to the transfused erythrocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An Rh-negative individual receives a transfusion of Rh-positive blood for the first time. What is the most likely initial consequence?

<p>No immediate reaction, but the individual will develop anti-Rh antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an agglutination test, what does a positive result indicate?

<p>The presence of specific antibodies that bind to antigens on the erythrocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person has AB positive blood, which antigens are present on their red blood cells?

<p>A, B, and Rh antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of agglutination following a blood transfusion?

<p>Blockage of blood vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes?

<p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in hematopoiesis?

<p>It stimulates red blood cell production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the human body?

<p>The red bone marrow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of erythrocytes allows them to efficiently transport gases?

<p>Their biconcave disc shape and lack of a nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule transport?

<p>Four. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of hemoglobin directly binds to oxygen?

<p>The iron ion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the production of leukocytes?

<p>Leukopoiesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endurance athletes sometimes use EPO to enhance their performance. What effect does EPO have that leads to this enhancement?

<p>It increases the number of erythrocytes, improving oxygen delivery to muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?

<p>They have a limited lifespan in the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thrombopoiesis?

<p>Production of platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functions of Blood

Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body.

Cardiovascular System

A system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that circulates blood.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

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Physical Characteristics of Blood

Blood color varies with oxygen levels; normal volume is about 5 liters, slightly alkaline, and thicker when more erythrocytes are present.

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Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, biconcave discs that carry oxygen.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells that are larger than erythrocytes, involved in immune response.

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pH and Blood Function

Blood must maintain a normal pH for proper transport and function.

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Testosterone's Role in Hematocrit

Stimulates increased erythropoietin secretion, affecting RBC production.

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ABO Blood Types

Classification of blood based on presence of A and B antigens on erythrocytes.

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Rh Factor

Protein on red blood cells; indicates Rh positive or Rh negative blood type.

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Rh Positive Blood

Blood type with Rh factor present; indicated as Rh+.

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Rh Negative Blood

Blood type without Rh factor; indicated as Rh-.

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Anti-Rh Antibodies

Antibodies formed in Rh- individuals upon first exposure to Rh+ blood.

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Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy

Condition where Rh- mother produces anti-Rh antibodies, affecting Rh+ fetus.

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Agglutination

Clumping of erythrocytes due to incompatible blood transfusion.

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Transfusion Reaction

Occurs when an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood a second time; can be severe.

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Plasma Composition

Blood plasma contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules, including electrolytes and nutrients.

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Transport Proteins

Proteins like LDL and HDL act as transporters for lipids, hormones, and ions in the blood.

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Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Pressure exerted by plasma proteins, especially albumin, to retain fluid in the blood vessels.

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Functions of Albumin

Albumin maintains blood volume and pressure, preventing fluid loss during circulation.

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Electrolytes in Plasma

Important charged substances in plasma that help regulate various body functions.

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Fluid Loss Causes

Diseases like liver diseases reduce plasma protein production, leading to fluid loss and swelling.

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Dissolved Substances in Plasma

Plasma contains gases, waste products and nutrients that are dissolved in its liquid.

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Types of Dissolved Substances

Plasma consists of nutrients, gases, and waste, all critical for bodily functions.

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Hematopoiesis

Production of formed elements (blood cells) occurring in red bone marrow.

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Erythropoiesis

Process of red blood cell production in the body.

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Leukopoiesis

Production of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the body.

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Thrombopoiesis

Production of platelets, important for blood clotting.

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Erythrocyte Structure

Biconcave discs, lack nucleus, packed with hemoglobin.

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Hemoglobin Function

Red protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood.

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Oxygen binding in Hemoglobin

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules via iron ions.

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Erythropoietin

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, influenced by testosterone and altitude.

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Impact of Altitude on EPO

High altitude increases erythropoietin levels due to lower oxygen pressure.

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Blood Doping with EPO

Use of erythropoietin by athletes to enhance blood oxygen capacity and performance.

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Study Notes

Blood Overview

  • Blood is a continuously regenerated connective tissue
  • It transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body
  • Blood is transported through the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries

Functions of Blood

  • Transportation: Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and removes carbon dioxide. Transports nutrients from the digestive system to the rest of the body. Transports hormones from endocrine glands and metabolic waste.
  • Regulation: Regulates pH, adjusts and maintains body temperature, and maintains water content of cells.
  • Protection: White blood cells (WBCs) protect against disease by phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens). Blood is a reservoir for water, electrolytes, and performs hemostasis (blood clotting).

Physical Characteristics of Blood

  • Color: High oxygen levels = bright red, low oxygen levels = dark red.
  • Volume: Approximately 5 liters in a normal adult.
  • Viscosity: Thick consistency, and high erythrocyte count increases viscosity.
  • Plasma: Solutes concentration determines direction of osmosis (water movement between compartments).
  • Temperature: Slightly higher than body temperature (one degree Celsius).
  • pH: Slightly alkaline with a value ranging between 7.35 and 7.45. Crucial for plasma protein integrity.

Whole Blood Separation

  • Blood consists of plasma(55%) and formed elements (45%)
  • Centrifuging blood separates the components into Plasma, Buffy coat (a thin layer containing the platelets and leukocytes) and erythrocytes.

Hematopoiesis

  • The process of blood cell formation takes place in the red bone marrow
  • For example, the production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Erythrocytes

  • Small, flexible, biconcave discs
  • Lack a nucleus and organelles. They contain hemoglobin transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • The average lifespan of erythrocytes is about 120 days

Hemoglobin

  • It's a red-pigmented protein. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Composed of four globins (two alpha chains and two beta chains) with heme groups in each

Erythropoiesis

  • The process of red blood cell production.
    • Stimulated when oxygen levels in the blood are low

Erythropoietin (EPO)

  • Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis
  • Testosterone also stimulates EPO production, so males typically have a higher erythrocyte count
    • Environmental factors influence EPO levels

Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes

  • Aged and damaged erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages.
  • Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin.
  • Heme is converted into bilirubin and then processed in the liver.
  • Globin is broken down into amino acids that are recycled

Blood Types

  • Blood typing is based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (markers) on the surface of red blood cells, and the presence or absence of corresponding antibodies in the plasma
  • The ABO blood group system classifies blood based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens.
  • The Rh blood group system classifies blood based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.
  • If Rh factor is present, it's Rh positive.
  • Incorrect blood typing can result in clumping or hemolysis of the red blood cells.

Clinical Considerations for Erythrocytes

  • Incompatible transfusions can lead to blood agglutination (clumping of red blood cells) blocking blood vessels and preventing normal blood circulation.

Rh Incompatibility During Pregnancy

  • Rh-negative mothers with Rh-positive fetuses can produce anti-Rh antibodies upon contact with fetal blood.
  • Subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
  • RhoGAM is a medication that can prevent Rh incompatibility.

Agglutination Test

  • This test can determine the blood type of individuals.
  • Agglutination occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed together, which causes clumping seen under the microscope

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Blood Part 1 (4) - Week 3 PDF

Description

This quiz covers blood characteristics, including pH balance, hematocrit levels, and blood color variations, linking them to specific physiological conditions. Focus is given to the roles of different blood components and vessels in delivering oxygen and maintaining homeostasis.

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