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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of plasma in the blood, considering its composition?
What is the primary role of plasma in the blood, considering its composition?
- To maintain the structural integrity of red blood cells.
- To carry soluble contents and blood cells. (correct)
- To directly transport oxygen to tissues.
- To synthesize coagulation factors for blood clotting.
How do mammalian red blood cells enhance oxygen delivery?
How do mammalian red blood cells enhance oxygen delivery?
- By having a large nucleus to increase surface area.
- By lacking nuclei and being flexible, allowing them to squeeze through capillaries. (correct)
- By possessing nuclei that actively bind oxygen molecules.
- By maintaining a rigid, spherical shape for efficient flow.
What is the fundamental principle behind blood transfusions regarding ABO blood types?
What is the fundamental principle behind blood transfusions regarding ABO blood types?
- Selecting donors with the most common blood type to minimize reactions.
- Preventing the presence of antibodies in the recipient that could react with antigens in the donor's blood cells. (correct)
- Matching the blood color between donor and recipient.
- Ensuring the recipient's blood contains antibodies against the donor's antigens.
How does hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport in the body?
How does hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport in the body?
What happens to the components of hemoglobin when red blood cells are broken down?
What happens to the components of hemoglobin when red blood cells are broken down?
Why does a lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folate lead to anemia?
Why does a lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folate lead to anemia?
How does the mutation in sickle cell anemia affect red blood cells and their function?
How does the mutation in sickle cell anemia affect red blood cells and their function?
What is the immediate consequence of sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking capillaries?
What is the immediate consequence of sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking capillaries?
Which event directly follows the adhesion and activation of platelets at the site of a damaged blood vessel?
Which event directly follows the adhesion and activation of platelets at the site of a damaged blood vessel?
What is the underlying cause of hemophilia?
What is the underlying cause of hemophilia?
Flashcards
Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
Liquid component of blood, ~55% of volume, carries soluble contents and blood cells, ~90% water.
Major Plasma Proteins
Major Plasma Proteins
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. Maintain oncotic pressure and transport substances.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Small, flexible cells without nuclei in mammals. Primary role is to transport oxygen.
ABO Blood Types
ABO Blood Types
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Anemia
Anemia
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Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Platelets
Platelets
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Hemophilia
Hemophilia
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Study Notes
- Blood consists of about 55% plasma and 45% blood cells.
- Plasma is over 90% water, and its main role is to transport soluble substances and blood cells.
- Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen are the three major plasma proteins.
- Albumin and globulin (excluding immunoglobulin) maintain oncotic pressure and transport substances like fatty acids, hormones, and drugs.
- All blood cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the red bone marrow.
- The first HSCs differentiate from endothelial cells.
- Mammalian red blood cells are small, flexible, and lack nuclei, enabling them to squeeze through capillaries for efficient oxygen delivery.
- ABO blood types are determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
- Blood transfusions must ensure that the recipient's blood does not contain antibodies that will react to the donor's blood cell antigens.
- Hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells, binds oxygen in high concentrations and releases it in low concentrations.
- The role suits hemoglobin for acquiring oxygen in the lungs and delivering it to tissues.
- Red blood cells typically circulate for about 120 days before being cleared by macrophages in the spleen, red bone marrow, and liver.
- The body recycles amino acids and ferrous iron (Fe2+) from hemoglobin.
- Heme is excreted.
- Anemia is a condition characterized by insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin.
- Nutrient deficiencies related to heme synthesis, such as iron, vitamin B12, and folate, are the most common causes of anemia.
- Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in β-globin, a subunit of hemoglobin.
- This mutation reduces oxygen-carrying capacity and causes hemoglobin proteins to aggregate.
- Aggregated hemoglobin forms fibrous fibers, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells.
- Sickle cells increase the risk of capillary blockage, restricting blood supply to organs.
- Platelets, essential for blood clotting, are cellular fragments.
- Blood clotting occurs in these steps:
- Endothelial cells detect blood vessel injury and recruit platelets.
- Platelets adhere to the damaged vessel, change shape, and release coagulation factors.
- The coagulation cascade is activated, producing fibrin fibers.
- Fibrin fibers reshape the blood clot, making it compact and durable.
- Hemophilia is a blood clotting disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors.
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