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What is an abnormal blood clot that can block blood flow called?
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels.
True
What substance do basophils and mast cells secrete to prevent abnormal clot formation?
heparin
An abnormal clot that breaks free and travels through blood vessels is called an ______.
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Match the following terms related to blood coagulation with their definitions:
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What percentage of blood volume is composed of plasma?
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Red blood cells outnumber white blood cells by approximately 600 to 1.
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Name the three major formed elements of blood.
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Leukocytosis indicates an ________ number of white blood cells.
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Match the following components with their roles:
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Which material is NOT required for the lab exercise?
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The normal range for white blood cells is between 1000 and 5000 cells per milliliter of blood.
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What can lead to leukopenia?
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What is the primary purpose of conducting a differential white blood cell count?
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Rh negative individuals have the Rh antigen present on their red blood cells.
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What are the four primary blood groups?
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Agglutination occurs when antibodies detect and bind to __________ antigens.
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Match the following blood disorders with their descriptions:
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What is the first step in hemostasis?
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Most of the American population is Rh negative.
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What does hemostasis refer to?
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What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?
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The pituitary gland releases hormones that directly affect other endocrine glands.
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Name the two hormones produced by the hypothalamus that are stored in the posterior pituitary.
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The __________ hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels.
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Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
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Which of the following controls the release of hormones in the endocrine system?
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Adrenal hormones primarily regulate blood sugar levels and stress responses.
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What triggers the release of hormones from the endocrine glands?
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What is the main effect of insulin secretion in the body?
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Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas and helps lower blood glucose levels.
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What hormone is primarily responsible for T lymphocyte maturation?
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The hormone that regulates the sleep/wake cycle is called ______.
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Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4?
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Match the following hormones with their functions:
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Oxytocin is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
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Where are thymosin and thymopoietin secreted from?
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What are the two hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
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Somatostatin increases the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
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The hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in mammary glands is called ______.
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What is the primary role of glucagon in the body?
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Match each hormone to its primary effect:
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Which of the following hormones are considered tropic hormones that regulate other endocrine glands?
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The anterior pituitary is responsible for producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood is made up of liquid plasma (55% of blood volume) and solid formed elements (45% of blood volume).
- Plasma is mostly water containing dissolved proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, gases, and waste products.
- Formed elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).
Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most numerous formed elements, with about 4-6 million per cubic millimeter of blood.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) are less numerous than erythrocytes, with a ratio of about 600 red blood cells to 1 white blood cell.
- Thrombocytes (platelets) are the least numerous formed elements, with a ratio of about 16 red blood cells to 1 platelet.
White Blood Cell Testing
- White blood cell (WBC) tests are used to detect infections or illnesses.
- Normal WBC range is 2800-15,000 cells per milliliter of blood.
- Leukocytosis is an abnormally high WBC count, often indicating an infection.
- Leukopenia is a lower than normal WBC count, which can be caused by various factors like bone marrow disorders, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases.
- A differential white blood cell count measures the percentage of each type of WBC, providing more detail about the immune system.
Blood Typing
- Blood type is determined by antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.
- ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens, resulting in blood types A, B, AB, and O.
- The Rhesus (Rh) factor is another antigen on red blood cells, with Rh+ blood containing the Rh antigen and Rh- blood lacking it.
- Blood plasma contains antibodies that recognize and bind to foreign antigens, leading to agglutination (clumping) and destruction (hemolysis) of the foreign cells.
- Blood typing is crucial before transfusions to avoid incompatible blood types, which can cause severe reactions.
Blood Disorders
- Hematology is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and blood disorders.
- Blood disorders can be inherited or acquired, affecting various components of the blood and interfering with their function.
- Blood disorders can be chronic, acute, and may or may not be curable.
Abnormal Blood Clotting
- Hemostasis is the process of stopping blood flow, involving blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
- Abnormal clot formation (thrombus) can be dangerous, blocking blood flow to vital organs.
- An embolus is a blood clot that travels through blood vessels, posing a risk of blockage.
- Anticoagulant drugs can prevent clot formation or dissolve existing clots.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in blood vessel walls.
- Plaque consists of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, cellular waste, and fibrin.
- Exposed plaque can trigger clot formation.
- Heparin, an anticoagulant, prevents abnormal clot formation.
Overview of the Endocrine System:
- The endocrine system works with the nervous system to control homeostasis
- The endocrine system is made up of glands, organs, and tissues that secrete hormones
- Hormones are powerful chemical substances released into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid
- The release of hormones is triggered by:
- Humoral control: Blood content
- Hormonal control: Other hormones
- Neural control: Action potentials/nerve impulses
Hypothalamic Control
- The hypothalamus is a region of the forebrain that plays a major role in homeostasis
- The hypothalamus acts as the control center for the autonomic nervous system
- Functions regulated by the hypothalamus include:
- Body temperature
- Appetite
- Thirst
- Sleep cycles
- The hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
- The hypothalamus has a portal system that sends releasing and inhibiting hormones directly to the anterior pituitary
- The hypothalamic control of the posterior pituitary differs from that of the anterior pituitary
- The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
- Hormones are transported along axons to axon terminals in the posterior pituitary where they are stored until released
Pituitary Hormones
- The pituitary gland produces:
- Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and protein synthesis in the liver, adipose, muscle, bone, and cartilage
- Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Promotes the development and growth of the adrenal cortex and the release of adrenal cortex hormones and catecholamines.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): In males, stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. In females, stimulates ovulation and the production of estrogen and progesterone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): In males, stimulates sperm production. In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles, estradiol production and, indirectly, the maturation of the oocyte
Pancreatic Hormones
- The pancreas produces:
- Insulin: Decreases blood glucose levels
- Glucagon: Increases blood glucose levels
- Somatostatin: Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Other Hormones
- Other hormones are produced by:
- Thymus (Thymosin and Thymopoietin): Promote T lymphocyte maturation
- Testes (Testosterone): Development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
- Ovaries (Progesterone and Estrogen): Development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
- Pineal gland (Melatonin): Regulates the sleep/wake cycle
- Adrenal cortex (Cortisol): Stress hormone, decreases immune response, increases blood sugar
- Adrenal medulla (Epinephrine and norepinephrine): Fight or flight hormones
- Parathyroid gland (Parathyroid hormone): Increases blood calcium levels, stimulates the breakdown of bone
- Thyroid gland (Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)) : Regulates metabolism, growth, and development, increases heart rate, and regulates body temperature
Anatomy of The Endocrine System
- The hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal glands are located within the cranial cavity.
- The thyroid and parathyroid glands are located in the neck.
- The adrenal gland is located on top of each kidney.
- The pancreas is situated behind the stomach.
- The gonads (testes and ovaries) are located in the pelvic region.
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Description
Explore the essential components of blood in this quiz covering blood composition, formed elements, and white blood cell testing. Understand the roles of plasma and different blood cells in maintaining health. Test your knowledge on normal ranges and what abnormalities may indicate.
