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Blood Components and Plasma
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Blood Components and Plasma

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of ALP enzyme?

  • Bone cells
  • All tissues in the body
  • Liver and bone cells (correct)
  • Hepatocyte cells

    • What does elevated ALP levels in the plasma indicate?

  • Bone cancer
  • Liver cell damage
  • Bile duct obstruction
  • Any of the above (correct)

    • What is the primary function of plasma enzyme levels measurement?

  • To assess organ function, tissue damage, and metabolic abnormalities (correct)
  • To diagnose blood cell disorders
  • To measure blood cell count
  • To monitor blood clotting factors

    • What percentage of blood volume is made up of plasma?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with elevated ALP levels?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between plasma and serum?

    <p>Plasma has clotting factors, while serum does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ALP levels in biliary duct obstruction?

    <p>They are significantly elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated ALP levels alone?

    <p>Is not specific to a particular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assay measures the catalytic activity of an enzyme?

    <p>Enzyme Activity Assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for enzyme activity in Enzyme Activity Assays?

    <p>Units per liter (U/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated GGT and ALP levels?

    <p>Indicates liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assay uses specific antibodies to detect and quantify the enzyme of interest?

    <p>Immunoassay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated ALP levels and normal GGT levels?

    <p>Indicates bone disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an enzyme measured using Enzyme Activity Assays?

    <p>Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ALP levels in diagnosing liver diseases?

    <p>It is used in conjunction with other liver enzymes to diagnose liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that influences the choice of assay for measuring plasma enzyme levels?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can elevated levels of myoglobin in the bloodstream indicate?

    <p>Cardiac injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pancreatic amylase?

    <p>Breaking down carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to distinguish between pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase?

    <p>Because their levels are affected by different conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pancreatic lipase?

    <p>Breaking down fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lipase levels more specific to pancreatic disorders than amylase?

    <p>Because lipase levels are less affected by non-pancreatic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of measuring lipase levels over amylase levels?

    <p>Lipase levels remain elevated for a longer duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it necessary to investigate both pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase?

    <p>When there is a high suspicion of pancreatic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood or urine indicate?

    <p>Pancreatic disorders or parotid gland obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first enzyme elevated when the heart is affected by a disease?

    <p>CK.MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason to determine the iso-enzymes of CK enzyme in a patient with chest pain?

    <p>To distinguish between cardiac and skeletal muscle damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an elevated LDH1/LDH2 ratio in a patient with chest pain?

    <p>It indicates a heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of troponins in diagnosing cardiac damage?

    <p>To diagnose myocardial infarction (heart attack)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for CK.MB to return to normal levels after a heart attack?

    <p>48-72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myoglobin in diagnosing cardiac damage?

    <p>Not a specific biomarker for cardiac damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for LDH to reach its peak levels after a heart attack?

    <p>2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason to determine the time of onset of chest pain in a patient?

    <p>To determine which enzyme to measure first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred if the pancreatic lipase is elevated while the pancreatic amylase is normal?

    <p>The affected organ may be other than pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)?

    <p>To screen for prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is associated with liver cancer and bone metastases?

    <p>Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)?

    <p>To produce energy within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical application of elevated levels of PSA in the blood?

    <p>To indicate prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of enzymes?

    <p>Energy production within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?

    <p>Found in various tissues, including liver, bones, and intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated levels of ALP in the blood?

    <p>Associated with liver cancer, bone metastases, and some blood cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Components

    • Blood consists of cellular and non-cellular components suspended in a liquid called plasma.
    • Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume.
    • Serum is plasma devoid of clotting factors.

    Plasma Enzyme Measurement

    • The measurement of plasma enzyme levels can provide valuable information about organ function, tissue damage, and metabolic abnormalities.
    • Assays used for measuring plasma enzyme levels depend on the specific enzyme being assessed.
    • There are various methods and techniques available for enzyme measurement.

    Enzyme Activity Assays

    • Enzyme activity assays measure the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
    • They typically involve adding a substrate that the enzyme acts upon, and then measuring the rate at which the enzyme converts the substrate into a product.
    • Examples of enzyme activity assays include the measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).

    Immunoassays

    • Immunoassays use specific antibodies to detect and quantify the enzyme of interest.
    • They can provide a direct measurement of enzyme concentration in the plasma.
    • Examples of immunoassays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA).

    Enzymes and Liver Diseases

    • Elevated levels of ALP (alkaline phosphatase) are not specific to a particular disease and should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information.
    • ALP is elevated in cholestatic diseases (hepatobiliary) and may be elevated in bone cancer.
    • In biliary duct obstruction, ALT and AST are also slightly elevated.

    Enzymes and Bone Diseases

    • Elevated levels of ALP are associated with liver and bone diseases.
    • If both GGT and ALP enzyme levels are elevated, it indicates liver disease (biliary tree).
    • If ALP enzyme level is elevated and GGT is normal, it indicates bone disease.

    Cardiac Enzymes

    • The first enzyme elevated when the heart is affected by a disease is Ck.MB (within 2-6 hours).
    • LDH enzyme is elevated within 12 hours, reaches a peak at 2 days, and returns to normal within 1-10 days.
    • AST produced in mitochondria is elevated within 12 hours, reaches a peak at 1-2 days, and returns to normal within 3-5 days.

    Clinical Significance of Cardiac Enzymes

    • If a patient presents with chest pain, the investigation needed to check is plasma enzymes (Ck.MB and LDH) to distinguish if the pain is cardiac or not.
    • Troponins (cTnI and cTnT) are specific isoforms used as biomarkers for diagnosing myocardial infarction (heart attack).
    • Myoglobin is a heme protein found in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells and is elevated in the bloodstream in cardiac injury.

    Pancreatic Enzymes

    • Pancreatic enzymes are measured through in blood, urine, or stool.
    • Elevated or decreased levels of these enzymes can provide valuable information for diagnosing pancreatic disorders, determining the severity of the condition, and monitoring response to treatment.
    • Pancreatic enzymes used in clinical diagnosis include pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase.

    Pancreatic Amylase

    • Pancreatic amylase helps in the digestion of carbohydrates.
    • Elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood or urine can indicate pancreatic disorders, such as acute pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or pancreatic cancer.
    • However, there are other amylases such as salivary amylase, which can be increased in non-pancreatic disorders.

    Pancreatic Lipase

    • Lipase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down fats.
    • Elevated levels of lipase in the blood can be indicative of many pancreatic pathological conditions.
    • Lipase levels are more specific to pancreatic disorders compared to amylase.

    Cancer Enzymes

    • Enzymes are widely used in clinical applications for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of various types of cancer.
    • Examples of cancer-associated enzymes include Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH).

    Therapeutic Uses of Enzymes

    • Enzymes have several therapeutic uses across various medical fields.
    • They offer versatility in medical applications and continue to be explored for their potential in various therapeutic interventions.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the components of blood, including plasma, serum, and cellular parts, and their functions in the body.

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