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What is the primary source of ALP enzyme?
What is the primary source of ALP enzyme?
What does elevated ALP levels in the plasma indicate?
What does elevated ALP levels in the plasma indicate?
What is the primary function of plasma enzyme levels measurement?
What is the primary function of plasma enzyme levels measurement?
What percentage of blood volume is made up of plasma?
What percentage of blood volume is made up of plasma?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with elevated ALP levels?
Which of the following diseases is associated with elevated ALP levels?
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What is the main difference between plasma and serum?
What is the main difference between plasma and serum?
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What happens to ALP levels in biliary duct obstruction?
What happens to ALP levels in biliary duct obstruction?
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What is the significance of elevated ALP levels alone?
What is the significance of elevated ALP levels alone?
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What type of assay measures the catalytic activity of an enzyme?
What type of assay measures the catalytic activity of an enzyme?
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What is the unit of measurement for enzyme activity in Enzyme Activity Assays?
What is the unit of measurement for enzyme activity in Enzyme Activity Assays?
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What is the significance of elevated GGT and ALP levels?
What is the significance of elevated GGT and ALP levels?
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What type of assay uses specific antibodies to detect and quantify the enzyme of interest?
What type of assay uses specific antibodies to detect and quantify the enzyme of interest?
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What is the significance of elevated ALP levels and normal GGT levels?
What is the significance of elevated ALP levels and normal GGT levels?
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What is an example of an enzyme measured using Enzyme Activity Assays?
What is an example of an enzyme measured using Enzyme Activity Assays?
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What is the role of ALP levels in diagnosing liver diseases?
What is the role of ALP levels in diagnosing liver diseases?
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What is a factor that influences the choice of assay for measuring plasma enzyme levels?
What is a factor that influences the choice of assay for measuring plasma enzyme levels?
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What can elevated levels of myoglobin in the bloodstream indicate?
What can elevated levels of myoglobin in the bloodstream indicate?
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What is the function of pancreatic amylase?
What is the function of pancreatic amylase?
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Why is it difficult to distinguish between pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase?
Why is it difficult to distinguish between pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase?
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What is the function of pancreatic lipase?
What is the function of pancreatic lipase?
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Why are lipase levels more specific to pancreatic disorders than amylase?
Why are lipase levels more specific to pancreatic disorders than amylase?
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What is an advantage of measuring lipase levels over amylase levels?
What is an advantage of measuring lipase levels over amylase levels?
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When is it necessary to investigate both pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase?
When is it necessary to investigate both pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase?
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What can elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood or urine indicate?
What can elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood or urine indicate?
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What is the first enzyme elevated when the heart is affected by a disease?
What is the first enzyme elevated when the heart is affected by a disease?
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What is the primary reason to determine the iso-enzymes of CK enzyme in a patient with chest pain?
What is the primary reason to determine the iso-enzymes of CK enzyme in a patient with chest pain?
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What is the significance of an elevated LDH1/LDH2 ratio in a patient with chest pain?
What is the significance of an elevated LDH1/LDH2 ratio in a patient with chest pain?
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What is the primary function of troponins in diagnosing cardiac damage?
What is the primary function of troponins in diagnosing cardiac damage?
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What is the time frame for CK.MB to return to normal levels after a heart attack?
What is the time frame for CK.MB to return to normal levels after a heart attack?
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What is the primary function of myoglobin in diagnosing cardiac damage?
What is the primary function of myoglobin in diagnosing cardiac damage?
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What is the time frame for LDH to reach its peak levels after a heart attack?
What is the time frame for LDH to reach its peak levels after a heart attack?
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What is the primary reason to determine the time of onset of chest pain in a patient?
What is the primary reason to determine the time of onset of chest pain in a patient?
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What can be inferred if the pancreatic lipase is elevated while the pancreatic amylase is normal?
What can be inferred if the pancreatic lipase is elevated while the pancreatic amylase is normal?
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What is the primary function of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)?
What is the primary function of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)?
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Which enzyme is associated with liver cancer and bone metastases?
Which enzyme is associated with liver cancer and bone metastases?
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What is the primary function of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)?
What is the primary function of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)?
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What is the clinical application of elevated levels of PSA in the blood?
What is the clinical application of elevated levels of PSA in the blood?
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Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of enzymes?
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of enzymes?
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What is the primary function of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?
What is the primary function of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?
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What is the significance of elevated levels of ALP in the blood?
What is the significance of elevated levels of ALP in the blood?
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Study Notes
Blood Components
- Blood consists of cellular and non-cellular components suspended in a liquid called plasma.
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its total volume.
- Serum is plasma devoid of clotting factors.
Plasma Enzyme Measurement
- The measurement of plasma enzyme levels can provide valuable information about organ function, tissue damage, and metabolic abnormalities.
- Assays used for measuring plasma enzyme levels depend on the specific enzyme being assessed.
- There are various methods and techniques available for enzyme measurement.
Enzyme Activity Assays
- Enzyme activity assays measure the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
- They typically involve adding a substrate that the enzyme acts upon, and then measuring the rate at which the enzyme converts the substrate into a product.
- Examples of enzyme activity assays include the measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
Immunoassays
- Immunoassays use specific antibodies to detect and quantify the enzyme of interest.
- They can provide a direct measurement of enzyme concentration in the plasma.
- Examples of immunoassays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA).
Enzymes and Liver Diseases
- Elevated levels of ALP (alkaline phosphatase) are not specific to a particular disease and should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information.
- ALP is elevated in cholestatic diseases (hepatobiliary) and may be elevated in bone cancer.
- In biliary duct obstruction, ALT and AST are also slightly elevated.
Enzymes and Bone Diseases
- Elevated levels of ALP are associated with liver and bone diseases.
- If both GGT and ALP enzyme levels are elevated, it indicates liver disease (biliary tree).
- If ALP enzyme level is elevated and GGT is normal, it indicates bone disease.
Cardiac Enzymes
- The first enzyme elevated when the heart is affected by a disease is Ck.MB (within 2-6 hours).
- LDH enzyme is elevated within 12 hours, reaches a peak at 2 days, and returns to normal within 1-10 days.
- AST produced in mitochondria is elevated within 12 hours, reaches a peak at 1-2 days, and returns to normal within 3-5 days.
Clinical Significance of Cardiac Enzymes
- If a patient presents with chest pain, the investigation needed to check is plasma enzymes (Ck.MB and LDH) to distinguish if the pain is cardiac or not.
- Troponins (cTnI and cTnT) are specific isoforms used as biomarkers for diagnosing myocardial infarction (heart attack).
- Myoglobin is a heme protein found in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells and is elevated in the bloodstream in cardiac injury.
Pancreatic Enzymes
- Pancreatic enzymes are measured through in blood, urine, or stool.
- Elevated or decreased levels of these enzymes can provide valuable information for diagnosing pancreatic disorders, determining the severity of the condition, and monitoring response to treatment.
- Pancreatic enzymes used in clinical diagnosis include pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase.
Pancreatic Amylase
- Pancreatic amylase helps in the digestion of carbohydrates.
- Elevated levels of pancreatic amylase in the blood or urine can indicate pancreatic disorders, such as acute pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or pancreatic cancer.
- However, there are other amylases such as salivary amylase, which can be increased in non-pancreatic disorders.
Pancreatic Lipase
- Lipase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down fats.
- Elevated levels of lipase in the blood can be indicative of many pancreatic pathological conditions.
- Lipase levels are more specific to pancreatic disorders compared to amylase.
Cancer Enzymes
- Enzymes are widely used in clinical applications for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of various types of cancer.
- Examples of cancer-associated enzymes include Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH).
Therapeutic Uses of Enzymes
- Enzymes have several therapeutic uses across various medical fields.
- They offer versatility in medical applications and continue to be explored for their potential in various therapeutic interventions.
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Description
This quiz covers the components of blood, including plasma, serum, and cellular parts, and their functions in the body.
