Module 1 Questions Part 4

Section 1: Platelet Plug Formation and Coagulation

• Clotting factors primarily regulate clot formation, not oxygen transport or blood flow.
• Fibrin forms the network in a blood clot.
• Vitamin K is crucial for clotting factor production.
• The extrinsic clotting pathway begins with tissue factor release from damaged tissues.
• Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
• The intrinsic clotting pathway is initiated by factor XII activation upon contact with exposed collagen.

Section 2: Clot Retraction and Dissolution

• Fibrinolysis breaks down blood clots.
• Plasmin is the enzyme that breaks down fibrin in clots.
• Anticoagulants like heparin prevent clot formation.
• Heparin is produced by basophils.

Section 3: Blood Groups and Rh Factor

• ABO blood type is determined by antigens on red blood cells.
• Type O blood is the universal donor for red blood cells.
• Type AB blood has no antibodies in the plasma.
• The primary risk for an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus is hemolytic disease of the newborn.
• RhoGAM prevents this disease by blocking the mother's immune response to fetal Rh antigens.

Section 4: Diagnostic Blood Tests

• Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood.
• The normal hemoglobin range for males is 14-18 g/100 mL.
• A differential white blood cell count measures the types and percentages of white blood cells.
• The most abundant white blood cell is neutrophils.
• Prothrombin time measures the time it takes for blood to clot.

Section 5: Hemostasis

• Vascular spasm is the first step in hemostasis.
• Platelet plugs form by platelets adhering to collagen in damaged blood vessels.
• Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
• Factor XIII stabilizes the fibrin clot during the final stage of coagulation.
• Clot retraction squeezes serum out of the clot to condense it.
• Plasminogen is activated to plasmin during fibrinolysis to break down fibrin.

Section 6: Blood Groups and Rh Factor

• Type O blood is the universal donor for red blood cells due to lacking A or B antigens.
• Type AB blood is the universal recipient due to not having antibodies to A or B antigens.
• Agglutination occurs when a person receives blood with incompatible antigens .
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
• RhoGAM blocks the mother's immune response to the Rh antigen to prevent the development of antibodies.

Section 7: Diagnostic Blood Tests

• A complete blood count determines ABO and Rh blood type.
• A platelet count measures platelets per microliter of blood.
• The normal range for white blood cell count is 5,000-10,000 per microliter.
• Hematocrit reflects the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.

Section 8: Hemoglobin and Gas Transport

• Hemoglobin's primary function is transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Carbaminohemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide for transport.
• Vitamin C and stomach acid increase iron absorption for hemoglobin production.