Blood Coagulation and Anticoagulants

Nervous Regulation of Physiological Functions

• Initial anticoagulants are formed in the body constantly and do not depend on the processes of blood coagulation.
• The correct sequence of the processes of vascular-platelet hemostasis is: a reflex spasm of the damaged blood vessels — adhesion of thrombocytes — aggregation of thrombocytes — compression of a blood thrombus.
• The correct sequence of the processes of coagulating hemostasis is: formation of prothrombinase — transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin — formation of thrombin.

Particular Physiology of the CNS

• The basic function of the black substance of the midbrain is to participate in the complex coordination of movements and regulation of muscle tone.
• Decerebrate rigidity develops after transection of the brainstem below the level of the red nucleus, and the tone sharply rises.
• The nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV are located in the midbrain.
• Damages of the cerebellum do not result in loss of consciousness, vegetative disturbances, or disorders of movement coordination.
• Damages of the cerebellum do not cause ataxy, atony, astasia, adiadochokinesia, asynergia.
• The reticular formation has an activation influence on the cerebral cortex.
• The efferent fiber bundle of the substantia nigra releases dopamine to the corpus striatum.
• The output from the cerebellum is solely from Purkinje cells.
• The function of the hypothalamus includes the regulation of temperature, the synthesis of antidiuretic hormone, the regulation of food intake, and hypophyseal control.

Electroencephalogram

• Beta waves of the electroencephalogram reflect an awake/alert state.
• Theta-waves are linked to the hippocampus.

Language and Broca's Area

• The functions of Broca's area are linked to word formation, comprehension, repetition, and reading.

Autonomic Nervous System

• Sympathetic stimulation causes high heart rate, high blood pressure, high total peripheral resistance, and pupillary dilatation.
• Parasympathetic stimulation causes decreased gastrointestinal secretion, bronchodilation, sweat secretion, pupillary constriction, and high heart rate.

Endocrine System

• Underactive thyroid function in adults causes the development of myxedema.
• Overactive thyroid function in adults causes the development of Basedow's disease.
• The lack of somatotropin in children causes inhibited growth without disproportionate constitution or any delay of intellectual development.
• An increased basal metabolism of 45% is likely due to the increased function of the thyroid gland.
• Thyrocalcitonin decreases the Ca²+ level in the blood.
• The neurohypophysis is the integrator of the immune and endocrine systems of the organism.
• The pancreas produces hormones that influence the blood glucose level.
• Insulin decreases the blood glucose level.