Blood, Circulation, and Immunity
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are components of the human immune system?

  • Physical barriers (skin)
  • Immune cells (white blood cells)
  • Antibodies
  • All of the above (correct)

Vaccines contain live pathogens that cause disease in order to stimulate the immune system.

False (B)

Antibiotics are effective against both bacterial and viral infections.

False (B)

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

<p>Transport oxygen using hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood cell plays a crucial role in blood clotting?

<p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group is considered the universal donor?

<p>O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group is considered the universal receiver?

<p>AB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immune cells with their primary function:

<p>T-cells = Produce antibodies in response to antigens B-cells = Activate B-cells and re-activate macrophages, enhancing their pathogen-killing capabilities Phagocytes = Attack and eliminate invaded pathogens Lymphocytes = Cells that learn from phagocytes how to specifically and effectively kill certain types of pathogens Dendritic cells = Display parts of pathogens (antigens) on their membranes for presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adaptive immune system is responsible for recognizing and destroying specific pathogens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies?

<p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that triggers an immune response?

<p>Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory cells are responsible for the body's ability to mount a faster and more effective immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is a harmful response to injury or infection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body's immune system is always capable of eliminating all pathogens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Platelets

Small, disk-shaped cells in blood that help in blood clotting.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange takes place.

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Right ventricle

The chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Left ventricle

The chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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Blood pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Blood transfusion

A process where blood products are transferred into a person's circulation intravenously.

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Immune system

A group of cells and tissues that defend the body against pathogens.

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Physical barriers

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, including skin and mucous membranes.

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Phagocytes

White blood cells that can engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that can adapt to recognize specific pathogens.

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Dendritic cells

A specialized type of phagocyte that displays parts of pathogens (antigens) on their surface for presentation.

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Macrophages

Phagocytes that patrol tissues and eliminate pathogens, often controlled by lymphocytes.

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Neutrophils

Phagocytes that kill pathogens, often sacrificing themselves in the process.

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Inflammation

A localized reaction to an immune response, often characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

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Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease.

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Lymphatic system

A specialized system of vessels, nodes, and organs that helps maintain fluid balance and filter waste.

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Antigens

Small parts derived from pathogens that trigger an immune response.

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Foreign antigens

Antigens that do not originate from the body.

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Self antigens

Antigens that originate from the body.

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T-cells

A type of lymphocyte that can directly kill infected cells or activate other immune cells.

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B-cells

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies to fight infection.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by activated B-cells that neutralize pathogens.

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Memory cells

A small portion of activated B- and T-cells that remain in the body, providing long-term immunity.

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Bacteria

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus that reproduce by multiplication.

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Fungi

Organisms similar to plants but have no chlorophyll, often associated with poor hygiene.

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Viruses

Intracellular parasites that replicate by stealing enzymes from host cells, characterized by small size and lack of a cell wall or nucleus.

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Study Notes

Blood and Circulation

  • Blood is composed of plasma (liquid), red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune response), and platelets (blood clotting).
  • The circulatory system includes arteries (blood away from heart), veins (blood to heart), and capillaries (gas/nutrient exchange). The heart has two sides, right side pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs, left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
  • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Valves prevent backflow. The heart's pumping is controlled by electrical signals from the pacemaker.
  • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on vessel walls, affected by factors like activity and stress. High blood pressure can cause heart disease and stroke.
  • Blood transfusions involve transferring blood products intravenously. Compatibility between blood types (A, B, AB, O) is crucial to prevent reactions. O is the universal donor, AB is the universal recipient.

Disease and Immunity

  • The body has immune mechanisms (physical barriers, immune cells, antibodies) to fight pathogens (disease-causing organisms).
  • Vaccines use weakened pathogens to create immunity without causing illness.
  • Antibiotics kill or stop bacteria growth; antibiotic misuse leads to resistance.
  • Disease occurs when the body doesn't function properly or foreign substances enter it.
  • Symptoms are patient-reported disease manifestations while signs are observable ones.
  • The immune system has innate (present from birth) and adaptive (learns from experiences) components.
  • Lines of defense include barriers, phagocytes, and lymphocytes (with specific pathogen killing).

Pathogens and the Body Defence System

  • Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
  • Pathogens enter the body through various routes (respiratory system, skin, contaminated food/water).
  • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that multiply.
  • Fungi are like plants without chlorophyll; often linked to poor hygiene.
  • Viruses are intracellular parasites that replicate using host cells.
  • Barriers prevent pathogens entering the body (mechanical and chemical).
  • The lymphatic system (vessels, nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus) is the body's 'sewage' system with immune cell screenings.
  • Antigens are small pathogen parts that trigger immune responses.
  • Some antigens are foreign (from outside the body) while others are self antigens (part of the body).
  • Dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils are phagocytes.

Adaptive Immune System

  • The immune system can distinguish between foreign and self antigens.
  • T- and B-lymphocytes recognize specific antigens; new ones are continually created.
  • T-cells activate B-cells and macrophages, boosting their pathogen-fighting abilities.
  • B-cells produce antibodies, which disable pathogens by prevention of movement/interaction.
  • Memory cells (B and T) remain after an immune response and quickly react to subsequent exposure.

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Description

Explore the intricate details of blood composition, the circulatory system, and the immune response. This quiz covers the heart's structure, blood pressure, and the significance of blood type compatibility during transfusions. Test your knowledge and understand how your body defends against diseases.

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