Blood Cells Quiz: WBCs and Platelets
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of B-lymphocytes?

  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Production of lymph
  • Secretion of antibodies (correct)
  • Phagocytosis of pathogens

What percentage of circulating lymphocytes do B-lymphocytes represent?

  • 5%
  • 80%
  • 15% (correct)
  • 50%

In which organ do T-lymphocytes primarily differentiate?

  • Thymus (correct)
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow

Which of the following is not a cause of lymphocytosis?

<p>Acute bacterial infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

<p>B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for the immediate immune response after the first exposure to an antigen?

<p>Plasma cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes neutrophilic granules from azurophilic granules?

<p>Neutrophilic granules contain alkaline phosphatase and lactoferrin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphopenia refers to which of the following conditions?

<p>Decreased lymphocyte levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an increase in eosinophils?

<p>Allergic diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical shape of lymphocytes?

<p>Spherical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of eosinophils?

<p>Destroying parasites with lysosomal enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do basophils differ in the appearance of their granules?

<p>Basophils granules are rich in heparin and histamine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition indicates a decrease in the number of eosinophils?

<p>Corticosteroid treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main classifications of leucocytes based on the presence of granules?

<p>Granular and Non-granular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many leucocytes are typically found per cubic millimeter in healthy individuals?

<p>4000 to 11,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by an increase in the number of leucocytes beyond the normal range?

<p>Leucocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leucocyte displays a segmented nucleus with 3-5 lobes?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leucocytes in the body?

<p>Defense against foreign materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions leads to neutropenia?

<p>Typhoid fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which granulocytes are stained by basic dyes?

<p>Basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter range for neutrophils?

<p>10-12 micrometers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-helper cells in the immune response?

<p>They release factors that activate B-lymphocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T-lymphocyte is primarily responsible for killing infected cells?

<p>T-killer cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do monocytes function in the immune system?

<p>They become macrophages in tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from a decrease in blood platelets?

<p>Purpura (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate diameter of a monocyte?

<p>12-20 microns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood platelets?

<p>To ensure hemostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an increased number of monocytes?

<p>Monocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neutrophils is correct?

<p>They are primarily involved in innate immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neutrophil Granules

Granules in neutrophils, categorized as specific (numerous, smaller) or azurophilic (fewer, larger). Specific granules contain enzymes important for killing bacteria.

Eosinophil Function

Eosinophils help control allergic reactions and destroy parasites using their lysosomes containing histamine.

Basophil Function

Basophils release histamine and heparin, important in allergic reactions.

Neutrophilia

An increase in the percentage of neutrophils, signaling a possible bacterial infection.

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Eosinophilia

An increase in the percentage of eosinophils; commonly seen in allergic diseases and parasitic infections.

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Granular Leucocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) with granules in their cytoplasm. Examples include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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Leucocytosis

An increased number of WBCs, higher than normal range, usually in response to infection or other conditions.

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Leucocytes

Another name for white blood cells (WBCs)

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WBC count

Measure of white blood cells per unit volume of blood, ranging typically from 4,000 to 11,000 per cubic millimeter (normal range).

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Non-granular leucocytes

White blood cells lacking visible granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes.

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Lymphocyte Percentage

Lymphocytes make up 20-40% of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood.

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Lymphocyte Types

Lymphocytes are primarily B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, with Null cells as a third type.

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B-lymphocytes

B-lymphocytes mature in bone marrow and make antibodies; a crucial part of humoral immunity.

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T-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus & orchestrate cell-mediated immunity, responding to infected cells.

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Lymphocytosis

An increase in the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood.

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Humoral Immunity

Immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B-lympocytes.

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Cell-mediated Immunity

Immunity involving direct attack by T-lymphocytes on infected cells.

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Stem Cells (Bone Marrow)

Origin of all blood cells in the bone marrow, including lymphocytes.

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Secondary immune response

A faster and more extensive immune response compared to the initial response.

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T-helper cell activation

Activated B-lymphocytes require a signal from a T-helper cell, through a released factor, to fully function.

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T-lymphocyte proliferation

Activated T-lymphocytes divide into many identical cells (clones).

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T-lymphocyte subsets

Different types of T-lymphocytes with specialized roles in fighting pathogens.

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Monocyte

A type of white blood cell that's highly phagocytic (engulfing) and can transform into macrophages.

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Monocytosis

Increased number of monocytes in the blood, often associated with infections.

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Blood Platelet (thrombocyte)

Non-cellular fragments involved in blood clotting.

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Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count leading to an increased risk of bleeding.

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Study Notes

Blood Cells (WBCs + Platelets)

  • Blood consists of various cells, including white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.
  • WBCs, also known as leukocytes, are involved in the body's defense mechanisms against foreign materials.
  • Platelets, also called thrombocytes, play a role in blood clotting.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

  • WBCs are spherical cells with nuclei and organelles.
  • The cytoplasm is mildly basophilic and contains cell organelles and inclusions.
  • Classification into granular and non-granular types is based on the presence or absence of granules visible under light microscopy.
  • Granular WBCs (granulocytes):
    • Neutrophils (50-70%): Spherical, 10-12 µm diameter, segmented nucleus (3-5 lobes), numerous neutral granules containing alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, and lactoferrin.
    • Eosinophils (1-4%): 12-14 µm diameter, bilobed, horse-shoe shaped nucleus, granules stained by acidic dyes (eosin).
    • Basophils (0.5-1%): 10-12 µm diameter, irregular S-shaped nucleus, large basophilic granules containing heparin and histamine.
  • Non-granular WBCs (agranulocytes):
    • Lymphocytes (20-40%): Spherical, small, single, central, rounded, deeply stained nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm. Subtypes include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
    • Monocytes (3-8%): Spherical, 12-20 µm diameter (largest blood cell), eccentric kidney-shaped nucleus, frosted glass appearance of cytoplasm, rich in lysosomes.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Originate in the red bone marrow as cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes.
  • Small, oval, biconvex disks, non-nucleated, 2-5 µm diameter.
  • Number varies from 250,000 to 350,000 per cubic millimeter.
  • Structure includes a peripheral hyalomere and central granulomere (containing azurophilic granules).
  • Involved in hemostasis (stopping bleeding) by releasing serotonin, a vasoconstrictor substance.

Medical Applications

  • Neutrophilia: Increase in neutrophils (>70%) often indicates bacterial infections (tonsillitis, appendicitis).
  • Neutropenia: Decrease in neutrophils(<50%) can occur in typhoid fever, tuberculosis, influenza, or severe poisoning.
  • Eosinophilia: Increase in eosinophils may indicate allergic diseases (urticaria, asthma) or parasitic infections (ascariasis, bilharzia).
  • Eosinopenia: Decrease in eosinophils can occur during treatment with cortisone.
  • Monocytosis: an increase in monocyte count, often seen in chronic infections (e.g., malaria, tuberculosis, syphilis).
  • Thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets): Can cause hemorrhagic disorders (purpura).
  • Thrombocytosis (increase in platelets): Can occur after splenectomy.

Cell Function

  • WBCs are crucial for the immune system's responses.
  • Platelets are essential for blood clotting.

Cell Morphology:

  • Descriptions of the shapes (nuclei, granules, cytoplasm) of each type of cell.

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Description

Test your knowledge on blood cells, focusing on white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. This quiz covers the types, functions, and characteristics of WBCs including granulocytes and their role in the immune system. Understand the importance of platelets in blood clotting, and enhance your grasp of human physiology.

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