Haematopoiesis
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Questions and Answers

At what stage of fetal development does blood production primarily occur in the liver and spleen?

  • 7-9 months
  • 2-7 months (correct)
  • 0-2 months
  • 5-9 months

    • What percentage of blood cell production is located in the pelvis, vertebrae, and sternum by adulthood?

  • 80%
  • 50%
  • 70% (correct)
  • 60%

    • What does extramedullary haematopoiesis signify?

  • Destruction of blood cells in the liver
  • Production of blood cells outside of the bone marrow (correct)
  • Maturation of blood cells in lymphoid organs
  • Production of blood cells within the bone marrow

    • Where does red marrow primarily produce blood cells in adults?

    <p>In flat bones and heads of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does yellow marrow play in long bones?

    <p>It produces white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue type is responsible for immune cell production and development?

    <p>Primary lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of stromal cells in bone marrow?

    <p>To form the extracellular matrix and secrete growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of a PET scan in a post-chemotherapy scenario?

    <p>To detect high-glucose-using cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily occurs in the germinal centers of the spleen?

    <p>Synthesis of antibodies by B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen?

    <p>Phagocytosis of old or damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphoid tissues contain more antibody-producing plasma cells than the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow combined?

    <p>Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Peyer's Patches located?

    <p>In the submucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of tonsils?

    <p>To defend against antigens entering through nasal and oral routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of M cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>They endocytose antigens from the gut lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found within the meshwork structure of tonsils?

    <p>Reticular cells, fibers, and a mixture of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines the composition of the red pulp in the spleen?

    <p>A meshwork of splenic sinuses and splenic cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does MALT play in the immune system?

    <p>It acts as a major site of pathogen entry defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily located in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Large numbers of B cells and plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes the primary function of Peyer's Patches?

    <p>Facilitating endocytosis of antigens from the gut lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) primarily found?

    <p>Lining the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do splenic sinuses contribute to filtering in the red pulp?

    <p>By selectively allowing only healthy and deformable blood cells to enter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the unique feature of M cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>They lack microvilli and sample luminal antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thymus gland?

    <p>Location for T-cell maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of thymocytes are destroyed by apoptosis?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the thymus is involved in negative selection?

    <p>Cortex-medulla border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the lymphatic system serve in the immune system?

    <p>Screening mechanism for foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural feature of lymph nodes?

    <p>Encapsulated, bean-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the splenic artery in the white pulp of the spleen?

    <p>Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood re-enter circulation after passing through the spleen?

    <p>By crossing the endothelium into venous sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do germinal centers in lymph nodes play?

    <p>Proliferation of B-cells and T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

    <p>Tonsils and Peyer's patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of thymocytes in the thymus?

    <p>Some thymocytes undergo positive and negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cells does the spleen store in significant amounts?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hematopoiesis occurs in the spleen?

    <p>Extramedullary hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of all blood cells during haematopoiesis?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During haematopoiesis, what occurs when stem cells divide?

    <p>One cell differentiates while the other self-renews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell types are produced from myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow?

    <p>Granulocytes, macrophages, and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of BFU-E in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Responds to erythropoietin to produce red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of haematopoietic homeostasis?

    <p>Balanced production and loss of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are growth factors in haematopoiesis typically described?

    <p>Often work in synergy to influence differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are most haematopoietic growth factors produced?

    <p>Bone marrow stromal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CFU stand for in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Colony Forming Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated daily production of haematopoietic cells in the body?

    <p>$3.7x10^11$ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a multipotent stem cell from a pluripotent stem cell?

    <p>Multipotent stem cells can become a variety of related cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the commitment of progenitor cells in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Environmental factors and growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two main lineages can stem cells differentiate into during haematopoiesis?

    <p>Myeloid and lymphoid progenitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells does NOT derive from myeloid differentiation?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of erythropoietin in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Stimulates red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes oligo- and totipotent stem cells in the context of differentiation?

    <p>They can differentiate into only a few cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does blood cell production shift from the yolk sac to the liver and spleen in fetuses?

    <p>2-7 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mature blood cells in lymphoid organs?

    <p>Maturation and function of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations primarily serves as the site for adult haematopoiesis?

    <p>Pelvis and sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the transition of red marrow during childhood?

    <p>It is replaced by yellow marrow in most bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes extramedullary haematopoiesis from normal haematopoiesis?

    <p>It takes place outside the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does yellow marrow primarily produce in long bones?

    <p>Some white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of bone marrow that secretes growth factors?

    <p>Stromal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is primarily responsible for the production and development of white blood cells?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the immune system?

    <p>T-cell maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurs to the thymus with advancing age?

    <p>Decreases in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the lymph node contains mainly T-lymphocytes?

    <p>Paracortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the majority of thymocytes during their development in the thymus?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of germinal centers within lymph nodes?

    <p>Enable B-cell proliferation into plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the spleen's blood system?

    <p>It utilizes an open blood system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) is NOT typically included?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the red pulp in the spleen play?

    <p>Filtration of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stem cells used in bone marrow transplants typically get harvested today?

    <p>Apheresis from circulating blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do lymph nodes play in relation to foreign antigens?

    <p>Trap and filter them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) in the spleen?

    <p>Surrounds the splenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hematopoiesis occurs in the spleen?

    <p>Extramedullary hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood components does the spleen store in significant amounts?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily produced from lymphoid differentiation during haematopoiesis?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a common myeloid precursor mainly differentiate into?

    <p>Myeloid cells such as platelets and granulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do growth factors influence haematopoiesis?

    <p>They work in synergy affecting differentiation and production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CFUGEMM in haematopoiesis?

    <p>It can give rise to myeloid cells including granulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT produced by bone marrow stromal cells in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a multipotent stem cell from a totipotent stem cell?

    <p>Multipotent cells can only differentiate into a specific lineage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process specifically refers to the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by haematopoietic homeostasis?

    <p>Equal production and destruction of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell typically has the longest life span?

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombopoietin play in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Stimulates platelet production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total estimated haematopoietic cell production in the body per day?

    <p>Around 3.7 x 10^11 cells per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negatively regulating factors exist in haematopoiesis?

    <p>Regulatory signals to balance cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages located in the marginal zone of the spleen?

    <p>To phagocytose old or damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly found in the red pulp of the spleen?

    <p>Sinuses and cords packed with macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do M cells enhance the immune response in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>By endocytosing antigens from the gut lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is part of Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

    <p>Peyer's patches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Peyer's patches within the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Initiate an immune response through antigen endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the palatine tonsils located?

    <p>Along the sides of the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specifically characterizes the structure of tonsils?

    <p>Consisting of reticular cells and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

    <p>To defend against pathogens at mucosal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cells are predominantly found in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>B cells and plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the vast surface area of mucous membranes in immune defense?

    <p>It acts as a major entry point for pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do M cells possess that aids in their function?

    <p>A lack of microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do splenic sinuses function in the filtering process of the red pulp?

    <p>By allowing only healthy and deformable blood cells to pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily occurs during haematopoiesis?

    <p>Production of all types of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the primary blood cell production site in adults?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Cell Production in the Fetus and Beyond

    • Initial blood cell production in the fetus occurs in the yolk sac at 0-2 months.
    • Liver and spleen take over blood cell production from 2-7 months.
    • By 5-9 months, the bone marrow becomes the primary site for blood production.
    • In infants, all bones contain blood cell-producing bone marrow.
    • During childhood, red marrow in bones is gradually replaced by yellow marrow.
    • By adulthood, over 70% of red marrow is found in the pelvis, vertebrae, and sternum.
    • Extramedullary haematopoiesis is the production of blood cells outside the bone marrow.

    Blood Cell Maturation and Functions

    • Primary lymphoid tissue is responsible for the production/development of white blood cells (WBCs).
    • Secondary lymphoid tissues are involved in the maturation and function of WBCs, including blood cell destruction.
    • The thymus is key for T-cell maturation and is located behind the sternum.
    • Thymocytes progress through positive selection in the cortex and negative selection at the cortex-medulla border.

    Adult Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow

    • Adult hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the pelvis, sternum, vertebrae, ribs, and the heads of femur/humerus.
    • Bone marrow is spongy tissue producing blood cells, including immature blood cells and stromal cells.
    • Red marrow in flat bones and heads of long bones primarily produces most blood cells.
    • Yellow marrow in long bones produces some white blood cells.

    Spleen Structure and Function

    • The spleen, measuring 5-13 cm, filters and removes old or damaged blood cells.
    • It plays a vital role in immune responses against blood-borne antigens, especially encapsulated bacteria.
    • Splenic cords and venous sinuses are separated by narrow windows, facilitating blood filtration.
    • The white pulp contains lymphoid tissue involved in immune responses.

    Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

    • MALT defends mucous membranes in the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems.
    • It is functionally significant, hosting more antibody-producing plasma cells than the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow combined.
    • Key components include tonsils, Peyer's patches, and the appendix, contributing to mucosal immunity.

    Haematopoiesis Overview

    • All blood cells originate from multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow through haematopoiesis.
    • Stem cell division leads to one cell self-renewing and the other differentiating into myeloid or lymphoid lineages.
    • Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes.
    • Lymphoid progenitors develop into T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

    Regulation of Hematopoiesis

    • Haematopoiesis maintains a balance between cell production and loss, adjusting production rates during conditions like blood loss or infection.
    • Hematopoietic growth factors, primarily produced by bone marrow stromal cells, regulate differentiation.
    • Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, produced by the kidneys and liver respectively, significantly influence blood cell production.

    Aging and Thymic Involution

    • The thymus decreases in size with age, contributing to reduced immune function.
    • Approximately 95% of thymocytes are eliminated through apoptosis during T-cell maturation.

    Summary of Key Immune and Hematological Functions

    • Secondary lymphoid organs include the lymphatic system, spleen, and MALT, which are critical for immune function and blood cell destruction.
    • Germinal centers in lymph nodes are sites of B-cell proliferation and antibody production while lymph nodes serve as screening mechanisms for the immune system.
    • The role of macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen is to phagocytose old or damaged blood cells, maintaining the health of the circulatory system.

    Blood Cell Production in the Fetus and Beyond

    • Initial blood cell production in the fetus occurs in the yolk sac at 0-2 months.
    • Liver and spleen take over blood cell production from 2-7 months.
    • By 5-9 months, the bone marrow becomes the primary site for blood production.
    • In infants, all bones contain blood cell-producing bone marrow.
    • During childhood, red marrow in bones is gradually replaced by yellow marrow.
    • By adulthood, over 70% of red marrow is found in the pelvis, vertebrae, and sternum.
    • Extramedullary haematopoiesis is the production of blood cells outside the bone marrow.

    Blood Cell Maturation and Functions

    • Primary lymphoid tissue is responsible for the production/development of white blood cells (WBCs).
    • Secondary lymphoid tissues are involved in the maturation and function of WBCs, including blood cell destruction.
    • The thymus is key for T-cell maturation and is located behind the sternum.
    • Thymocytes progress through positive selection in the cortex and negative selection at the cortex-medulla border.

    Adult Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow

    • Adult hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the pelvis, sternum, vertebrae, ribs, and the heads of femur/humerus.
    • Bone marrow is spongy tissue producing blood cells, including immature blood cells and stromal cells.
    • Red marrow in flat bones and heads of long bones primarily produces most blood cells.
    • Yellow marrow in long bones produces some white blood cells.

    Spleen Structure and Function

    • The spleen, measuring 5-13 cm, filters and removes old or damaged blood cells.
    • It plays a vital role in immune responses against blood-borne antigens, especially encapsulated bacteria.
    • Splenic cords and venous sinuses are separated by narrow windows, facilitating blood filtration.
    • The white pulp contains lymphoid tissue involved in immune responses.

    Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

    • MALT defends mucous membranes in the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems.
    • It is functionally significant, hosting more antibody-producing plasma cells than the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow combined.
    • Key components include tonsils, Peyer's patches, and the appendix, contributing to mucosal immunity.

    Haematopoiesis Overview

    • All blood cells originate from multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow through haematopoiesis.
    • Stem cell division leads to one cell self-renewing and the other differentiating into myeloid or lymphoid lineages.
    • Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes.
    • Lymphoid progenitors develop into T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

    Regulation of Hematopoiesis

    • Haematopoiesis maintains a balance between cell production and loss, adjusting production rates during conditions like blood loss or infection.
    • Hematopoietic growth factors, primarily produced by bone marrow stromal cells, regulate differentiation.
    • Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, produced by the kidneys and liver respectively, significantly influence blood cell production.

    Aging and Thymic Involution

    • The thymus decreases in size with age, contributing to reduced immune function.
    • Approximately 95% of thymocytes are eliminated through apoptosis during T-cell maturation.

    Summary of Key Immune and Hematological Functions

    • Secondary lymphoid organs include the lymphatic system, spleen, and MALT, which are critical for immune function and blood cell destruction.
    • Germinal centers in lymph nodes are sites of B-cell proliferation and antibody production while lymph nodes serve as screening mechanisms for the immune system.
    • The role of macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen is to phagocytose old or damaged blood cells, maintaining the health of the circulatory system.

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    Description

    Explore the stages of blood cell production from the fetal stage through childhood. This quiz covers key locations of blood cell generation, including changes that occur from fetus to infant and then through to adulthood. Test your understanding of hematopoiesis during different life stages.

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