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Questions and Answers
What initiates the erythrocytic cycle in the human host?
What initiates the erythrocytic cycle in the human host?
What occurs after merozoites are released from infected red blood cells?
What occurs after merozoites are released from infected red blood cells?
Which stage of the lifecycle occurs inside the liver cells?
Which stage of the lifecycle occurs inside the liver cells?
What is the form that contains sporozoites and is essential for transmission from mosquito to host?
What is the form that contains sporozoites and is essential for transmission from mosquito to host?
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How does sexual reproduction occur in the mosquito’s digestive system?
How does sexual reproduction occur in the mosquito’s digestive system?
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What is the significance of the ookinete in the lifecycle of the organism?
What is the significance of the ookinete in the lifecycle of the organism?
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Which process describes the phase where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in humans?
Which process describes the phase where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in humans?
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What happens to gametocytes after being ingested by the mosquito?
What happens to gametocytes after being ingested by the mosquito?
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What is the definitive host of the parasite mentioned?
What is the definitive host of the parasite mentioned?
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Which form of the parasite is involved in the initial and acute stage of infection?
Which form of the parasite is involved in the initial and acute stage of infection?
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How many sporozoites are contained in each sporocyst of the mature oocyst?
How many sporozoites are contained in each sporocyst of the mature oocyst?
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What happens to the tachyzoites after they enter a new cell?
What happens to the tachyzoites after they enter a new cell?
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Which of the following methods can transfer tachyzoites from one person to another?
Which of the following methods can transfer tachyzoites from one person to another?
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What is the first stage of the life cycle when oocysts are shed in a cat's feces?
What is the first stage of the life cycle when oocysts are shed in a cat's feces?
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What can cause clinical manifestations of the parasite in humans?
What can cause clinical manifestations of the parasite in humans?
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How can bradyzoites be acquired by humans?
How can bradyzoites be acquired by humans?
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What is the primary event that occurs in the Exoerythrocytic Cycle of schizogony?
What is the primary event that occurs in the Exoerythrocytic Cycle of schizogony?
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What marks the transition from schizonts to merozoites during the Exoerythrocytic Cycle?
What marks the transition from schizonts to merozoites during the Exoerythrocytic Cycle?
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Which structure in the malaria parasite life cycle is responsible for infecting the human host?
Which structure in the malaria parasite life cycle is responsible for infecting the human host?
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What occurs after the zygotes are formed in the mosquito's stomach?
What occurs after the zygotes are formed in the mosquito's stomach?
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What are the two forms of sporozoites identified during the malaria life cycle?
What are the two forms of sporozoites identified during the malaria life cycle?
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During which phase does the malaria parasite undergo significant multiplication in the liver?
During which phase does the malaria parasite undergo significant multiplication in the liver?
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What is the function of the oocysts formed in the malaria parasite life cycle?
What is the function of the oocysts formed in the malaria parasite life cycle?
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What initiates the malaria life cycle in humans?
What initiates the malaria life cycle in humans?
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Study Notes
Blood and Tissue Flagellates
- Protozoa that inhabit human blood and tissues, transmitted by vectors (insects)
- Primary mode of transmission: insect bites.
Family: Trypanosomatidae
- Genus: Trypanosoma
- Trypanosoma gambiense
- Trypanosoma rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Genus: Leishmania
- Leishmania tropica
- Leishmania brasiliensis
- Leishmania donovani
Characteristics of the genera
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Fusiform body: except for rounded or ovoid forms
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Nucleus location: varies depending on form
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Single flagellum: arises anteriorly, spiral wave movement
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Kinetoplast: accessory body found in Mastigophora, contains DNA and replicates independently.
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Parabasal body: structure near the nucleus, supporting nuclear functions
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Blepharoplast: basal body in certain flagellates, minute chromatin mass embedded in cytoplasm at the base of the flagellum
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Axoneme: site of flagellar growth; found at the inner portion of the flagellum.
Development stages
- Amastigote: rounded/ovoid, non-flagellated, intracellular. Found in monocytes/endothelial cells. Typical for Leishmania.
- Promastigote: spindle-shaped, single flagellum at anterior end. Typical for Leptomonas, found in the midgut of sandflies during the Infective Stage.
- Epimastigote: spindle-shaped, single flagellum. Typical for Crithidia, found in the insect vector.
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Trypomastigote: spindle-shaped, elongated, with undulating membrane. Important for Trypanosoma and found in the bloodstream during the infective stage
- Trypanosoma infects the gastrointestinal tract of the vector
Diagnosis
- Diagnostic forms vary between genera.
- Routine recovery from human specimens is possible for several.
- Absence of an undulating membrane is a diagnostic feature.
Leishmaniasis
- Clinical entities: Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, Visceral
- Difficulty differentiating species causing human disease on clinical grounds
- The recovered form in human is the amastigote, which has similar characteristics.
Trypanosomiasis
- Disease caused by Trypanosoma species
- Vectors: tsetse fly
- Stages: Bloodstream trypomastigote, procyclic trypomastigote.
Life Cycle
- Transmission: Bite of infected insect vector
- Includes different stages in both human and vector stages
- Stages in the insect vector include those found in the midgut and salivary glands
- Stages in the human host include those found in the bloodstream, tissue and the lymph.
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Description
Test your knowledge on blood and tissue flagellates, focusing on the Trypanosomatidae family. Learn about the different genera, characteristics, and modes of transmission of these protozoa. This quiz covers key aspects of protozoan biology related to human health.
