Blood and Plasma Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

Substance exchange

How does blood move through the circulatory system?

Pressure differences

What is the clinical term for the percentage of red blood cells in the blood volume?

Hematocrit

What is the function of serum in blood?

<p>Nutrient and waste transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the plasma proteins?

<p>Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fibrinogen during blood clotting?

<p>It becomes insoluble fibrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is blood classified as?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method used to separate the elements of blood for analysis?

<p>Centrifugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of red blood cells?

<p>Disc-like (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main protein found in red blood cells?

<p>Hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cells are responsible for engulfing bacteria and other substances?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cells are involved in responding to parasitic worm infections and allergies?

<p>Eosinophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for detecting weakened red blood cells and breaking them down?

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced when hemoglobin breaks down and is excreted from the body?

<p>Bilirubin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood can produce antibodies?

<p>Lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platelets are essential for what process in the blood?

<p>Blood clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor cell for platelets?

<p>Megakaryocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells release granules containing toxic substances to combat infectious bacteria?

<p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

<p>Stimulate red blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?

<p>120 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

<p>Blood clot formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From superficial to deep, what are the 3 pericardial layers, and what is the function of each?

<p>The three pericardial layers, from superficial to deep, are the fibrous pericardium, the parietal pericardium, and the visceral pericardium.</p> <p>The fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer and is a tough, fibrous sac that helps to protect the heart and keep it anchored in the chest.</p> <p>The parietal pericardium is the middle layer and lines the fibrous pericardium. It is a smooth, serous membrane that secretes fluid that lubricates the heart and allows it to move freely.</p> <p>The visceral pericardium is the innermost layer and is also a smooth, serous membrane. It directly covers the heart and is sometimes referred to as the epicardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what neurons innervate the heart, what neurotransmitters are released, what cells of the heart are affected, and how they are affected.

<p>The heart is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, which has two branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.</p> <p>Sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine (NE), which increases heart rate and contractility. These neurons primarily affect the pacemaker cells of the heart, which control the heart's rhythm, and the contractile cells, which control the heart's pumping action.</p> <p>Parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), which decreases heart rate and contractility. These neurons primarily affect the pacemaker cells of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effects of NE and ACh are to speed up and slow down the pacemaker potential, resulting in a faster or slower heart rate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming the usual complement of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps and K⁺ and Na⁺ leak channels, what other pumps or channels would you expect to find in the membranes of pacemaker cells?

<p>Pacemaker cells have 'funny channels', which open when the cell is polarized and contribute to the gradual depolarization of the cell. They also have voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels, which play a crucial role in the depolarization phase of the pacemaker action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events in a contractile cardiac cell that begins an action potential in an adjacent cell to the contraction of the cell?

<p>An action potential in an adjacent cell, either another contractile cell or a cell from the conduction system, spreads through gap junctions to the neighboring contractile cell. This depolarization triggers voltage-gated sodium channels to open, causing a rapid influx of sodium ions, which rapidly depolarizes the cell. Once the cell is depolarized, voltage-gated potassium channels open, and potassium ions move out of the cell, leading to repolarization. However, voltage-gated calcium channels also open during this phase, allowing calcium ions to enter the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship Between The Plateau Phase and Systole?

<p>The plateau phase of the cardiac action potential corresponds to the period of systole, or ventricular contraction. During this phase, the heart muscle remains contracted, allowing blood to be ejected from the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the electrocardiogram depict?

<p>The electrocardiogram (EKG) records the electrical activity of the heart, specifically, it depicts the spread of depolarization and repolarization waves across the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't plateau or SA node action potentials be seen on EKG?

<p>The magnitude of the electrical change during the plateau phase of the SA node and the contractile cells is too subtle to be detected by the EKG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The action potentials of SA node cells are substantial, but they are occurring in too small a population of cells to show on the EKG.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What changes are occurring in the heart during the isovolumetric contraction phase?

<p>During the isovolumetric contraction phase, the ventricles are closed, but the pressure inside is increasing. This is because the ventricles are contracting, but the valves are still closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines when the ventricular filling phase moves from passive to active stages?

<p>The ventricular filling phase transitions from passive to active when the SA node fires, sending an electrical signal that spreads through the atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage(s) of the cardiac cycle occurs during the segment between QRS and T waves?

<p>The segment between the QRS complex and the T wave represents ventricular systole. During this period, the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage(s) of the cardiac cycle occurs during the segment between P and QRS waves?

<p>The segment between the P wave and the QRS complex represents atrial systole, which is the period of atrial contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?

<p>Arteries and veins share a common structure consisting of three layers: the tunica intima, the tunica media, and the tunica adventitia. However, they have structural differences due to their function. Arteries are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart under lower pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is "total cross sectional area" as it applies to blood vessels, and what is the significance of total cross sectional area?

<p>The total cross-sectional area of blood vessels is a measure of the combined area of all blood vessels at a specific point in the circulatory system. It is significant because it plays a crucial role in regulating blood flow and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is flow different from velocity?

<p>Blood flow and velocity are two important concepts in understanding how blood moves through the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the 4 major factors that contribute to blood pressure.

<p>The four major factors that contribute to blood pressure are:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Cardiac output: This refers to the volume of blood the heart pumps into the arteries per minute.</p> </li> <li> <p>Peripheral resistance: This refers to the opposition to blood flow through the blood vessels.</p> </li> <li> <p>Blood volume: This refers to the amount of blood circulating in the body.</p> </li> <li> <p>Compliance: This refers to the ability of blood vessels to stretch in response to changes in pressure.</p> </li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What explains the reason that blood pressure declines with distance from the heart?

<p>Blood pressure declines with distance from the heart because blood vessels are not perfectly rigid tubes. The frictional resistance between the blood and the vessel walls increases as the blood travels further from the heart, causing a gradual reduction in pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do we bother regulating our blood pressure?

<p>Regulating blood pressure is crucial for maintaining adequate tissue perfusion and preventing damage to blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the targets of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of blood pressure?

<p>The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems regulate blood pressure by targeting three primary sites:</p> <ol> <li> <p>SA Node cells: Responsible for setting the heart rate.</p> </li> <li> <p>Contractile cells of the heart: Increases the force of contraction.</p> </li> <li> <p>Arterioles: Regulates peripheral resistance by constricting or dilating blood vessels.</p> </li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

During the valsalva maneuver, increasing intrathoracic pressure diminishes blood flow to the heart. Why?

<p>During the Valsalva maneuver, an increase in intrathoracic pressure compresses the veins that return blood to the heart. This compression leads to a decrease in blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the intra pleural space? Why not just have the lungs connected to the thoracic wall directly?

<p>The intrapleural space is essential for the efficient functioning of the lungs. It reduces friction, allows for lung expansion, and maintains lung volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the compliance of the lungs were to decrease, as with age or disease, the lungs would resist enlargement when the thorax enlarges. How can this limitation be overcome if a person requires 500 ml per breath at rest?

<p>To overcome this limitation, the body can increase respiratory muscle effort, increase respiratory rate, or use accessory muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bronchodilator affect flow of air, and how does the body make this happen in a fight or flight scenario?

<p>Bronchodilators relax the smooth muscles lining the airways, causing them to widen. In a fight or flight scenario, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine, leading to relaxation and bronchodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A portion of fluid leaks from blood vessels, forming interstitial fluid. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid, becoming lymph. They also absorb dietary fats in the small intestine; (lacteals). What is the relationship between the Lymphatic System and interstitial fluid?

<p>Interstitial fluid is the fluid that bathes the cells and tissues of the body. Lymphatic capillaries collect excess interstitial fluid from the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Afferent vessels bring lymph into lymph nodes; efferent vessels carry it out. What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

<p>Lymph nodes act as filters, removing cellular debris, pathogens, and other waste products from the lymph before it returns to circulation. They also house immune cells responsible for recognizing and destroying pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the three lines of defense in the immune system?

<p>The three lines of defense protect the body against pathogens, with the first line being physical barriers, the second line the innate immune response, and the third line the adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose and actions of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells, and NK cells in the immune system.

<p>Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens. Eosinophils fight parasites, dendritic cells present antigens to T cells, basophils and mast cells mediate inflammation, and NK cells destroy infected or cancerous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the main function of blood?

The primary function of blood is to transport substances throughout the body, including gases, nutrients, waste products, ions, chemical messengers, and heat.

What is hydrostatic pressure in relation to blood?

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid against the walls of its container. Blood's hydrostatic pressure drives its movement through the circulatory system.

What type of tissue is blood?

Blood is classified as a connective tissue because it consists of cells (formed elements) embedded in an extracellular matrix (plasma).

How are blood components separated?

Centrifugation is a process that separates components of a mixture based on density. In blood, it separates the denser red blood cells (erythrocytes) from the lighter plasma and white blood cells (leukocytes).

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What is plasma?

Plasma is the straw-colored, liquid component of blood that makes up about 55% of its volume. It contains water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, gases, nutrients, and waste products.

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What are formed elements?

Formed elements are the cellular components of blood. They include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

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What is the function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen.

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What is hemoglobin, and what is its function?

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that consists of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta) and a heme group. It binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the tissues.

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What are the different forms of hemoglobin, and how do they differ?

Oxyhemoglobin is the oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin, while deoxyhemoglobin is the form that has released oxygen. Carbaminohemoglobin forms when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.

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What is hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation. It occurs primarily in the red bone marrow, which contains hematopoietic stem cells capable of differentiating into various blood cell types.

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What is red bone marrow?

Red bone marrow is a specialized tissue found in the cavities of bones. It contains hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to all blood cell types.

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What is yellow bone marrow?

Yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of adipose (fat) tissue and is found in the cavities of certain bones. It can switch to red bone marrow if needed for increased blood cell production.

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What is the function of white blood cells?

White blood cells (leukocytes) are responsible for defending the body against infection by identifying and destroying pathogens.

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What are granulocytes?

Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that contains granules in their cytoplasm, which release chemical mediators that help fight infections. They include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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What are neutrophils, and what is their function?

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granulocyte. They are phagocytic, meaning they engulf and destroy bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens.

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What are eosinophils, and what is their function?

Eosinophils are granulocytes that are involved in defending against parasitic worm infections and allergic reactions.

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What are basophils, and what is their function?

Basophils are granulocytes that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

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What are agranulocytes?

Agranulocytes are a type of white blood cell that lacks granules in their cytoplasm. They include lymphocytes and monocytes.

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What are platelets, and what is their function?

Platelets are small, cell-like fragments that are essential for blood clotting. They adhere to damaged blood vessels and release factors that help form a clot to stop bleeding.

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What is hematocrit?

The term hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells in the blood volume. A high hematocrit indicates a high concentration of red blood cells, while a low hematocrit indicates a low concentration.

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What is serum?

Serum is the fluid portion of blood that remains after clotting factors (including fibrinogen) have been removed. It serves as a medium for transporting nutrients and waste products.

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What is fibrinogen, and what happens to it during blood clotting?

Fibrinogen is a soluble protein in plasma. During blood clotting, it transforms into insoluble fibrin, which forms the meshwork of the blood clot.

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What is the shape of red blood cells?

Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape, which increases their surface area for efficient oxygen exchange.

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What is the main protein found in red blood cells?

Hemoglobin is the main protein found in red blood cells.

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Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing bacteria?

Neutrophils are the type of white blood cells responsible for engulfing bacteria and other substances.

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Which white blood cell is involved in fighting parasitic worms and allergies?

Eosinophils are involved in responding to parasitic worm infections and allergies.

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Which organ removes old red blood cells?

The spleen is responsible for detecting weakened red blood cells and breaking them down.

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What is bilirubin, and what happens to it?

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when hemoglobin breaks down. It is excreted in the bile.

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Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies?

Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells that can produce antibodies.

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What is the primary function of platelets?

Platelets are essential for blood clotting. They adhere to damaged blood vessels and release factors that help form a clot to stop bleeding.

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What is the precursor cell for platelets?

Megakaryocytes are the precursor cells for platelets. They are large, multinucleated cells found in the bone marrow.

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Which white blood cell releases toxic substances to kill bacteria?

Neutrophils release granules containing toxic substances to combat infectious bacteria.

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What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

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What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?

The lifespan of a typical red blood cell is about 120 days.

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What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

The primary role of platelets in the blood is to form blood clots.

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Study Notes

Blood and Plasma Functions

  • Blood distributes gases, nutrients, wastes, ions, chemical messengers, and heat throughout the body.
  • Hydrostatic pressure differences drive blood movement.
  • Blood is a connective tissue, with cellular (formed elements) and extracellular (plasma) components.
  • Centrifugation separates blood by density, separating plasma, buffy coat (platelets and leukocytes), and erythrocytes.

Blood Plasma Components

  • Water: Major component of plasma
  • Electrolytes: Essential for maintaining fluid balance and nerve/muscle function
  • Hormones: Chemical messengers for various bodily functions
  • Gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
  • Nutrients & Wastes: Various molecules essential for bodily functions and waste products
  • Proteins: Albumin, globulins, transport proteins (e.g., for hormones or lipids), and fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting)

Formed Elements

  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Involved in immune response (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).
  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen, contain hemoglobin.
  • Platelets: Crucial for blood clotting.

Blood Classification of Tissue

  • Blood is classified as a connective tissue.

Blood Analysis Method

  • Centrifugation is used for separating blood elements for analysis (Plasma, buffy coat - platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes)

Summary of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
  • They contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen.
  • Common variations of hemoglobin include oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and carbaminohemoglobin
  • Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, occurring in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells.
  • Erythrocytes have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.
  • The main protein found in red blood cells is hemoglobin.

Functions of Platelets

  • Essential for blood clotting.

Summary of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Leukocytes are involved in defensive functions of the body that help combat infections.
  • Some examples of white blood cells are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

Role of Specific White Blood Cells

  • Neutrophils: Engulf bacteria and other substances.
  • Eosinophils: Respond to parasitic worm infections and allergies.
  • Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies.
  • Basophils: Involved in allergic reactions.
  • Monocytes: Develop into macrophages that engulf pathogens.

Additional Information

  • The liver is responsible for removing weakened red blood cells.
  • Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that is excreted rom the body.
  • The spleen filters blood to remove pathogens and damaged blood cells.

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