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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the main purpose of the capillaries in the circulatory system?
Substance exchange
How does blood move through the circulatory system?
How does blood move through the circulatory system?
Pressure differences
What is the clinical term for the percentage of red blood cells in the blood volume?
What is the clinical term for the percentage of red blood cells in the blood volume?
Hematocrit
What is the function of serum in blood?
What is the function of serum in blood?
Which of the following is NOT one of the plasma proteins?
Which of the following is NOT one of the plasma proteins?
What happens to fibrinogen during blood clotting?
What happens to fibrinogen during blood clotting?
Which type of tissue is blood classified as?
Which type of tissue is blood classified as?
What is the main method used to separate the elements of blood for analysis?
What is the main method used to separate the elements of blood for analysis?
What is the shape of red blood cells?
What is the shape of red blood cells?
What is the main protein found in red blood cells?
What is the main protein found in red blood cells?
Which type of blood cells are responsible for engulfing bacteria and other substances?
Which type of blood cells are responsible for engulfing bacteria and other substances?
Which white blood cells are involved in responding to parasitic worm infections and allergies?
Which white blood cells are involved in responding to parasitic worm infections and allergies?
Which organ is responsible for detecting weakened red blood cells and breaking them down?
Which organ is responsible for detecting weakened red blood cells and breaking them down?
What substance is produced when hemoglobin breaks down and is excreted from the body?
What substance is produced when hemoglobin breaks down and is excreted from the body?
Which type of white blood can produce antibodies?
Which type of white blood can produce antibodies?
Platelets are essential for what process in the blood?
Platelets are essential for what process in the blood?
What is the precursor cell for platelets?
What is the precursor cell for platelets?
Which cells release granules containing toxic substances to combat infectious bacteria?
Which cells release granules containing toxic substances to combat infectious bacteria?
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?
What is the lifespan of a typical red blood cell?
What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
From superficial to deep, what are the 3 pericardial layers, and what is the function of each?
From superficial to deep, what are the 3 pericardial layers, and what is the function of each?
Explain what neurons innervate the heart, what neurotransmitters are released, what cells of the heart are affected, and how they are affected.
Explain what neurons innervate the heart, what neurotransmitters are released, what cells of the heart are affected, and how they are affected.
The effects of NE and ACh are to speed up and slow down the pacemaker potential, resulting in a faster or slower heart rate.
The effects of NE and ACh are to speed up and slow down the pacemaker potential, resulting in a faster or slower heart rate.
Assuming the usual complement of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps and K⁺ and Na⁺ leak channels, what other pumps or channels would you expect to find in the membranes of pacemaker cells?
Assuming the usual complement of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps and K⁺ and Na⁺ leak channels, what other pumps or channels would you expect to find in the membranes of pacemaker cells?
What is the sequence of events in a contractile cardiac cell that begins an action potential in an adjacent cell to the contraction of the cell?
What is the sequence of events in a contractile cardiac cell that begins an action potential in an adjacent cell to the contraction of the cell?
What is the relationship Between The Plateau Phase and Systole?
What is the relationship Between The Plateau Phase and Systole?
What does the electrocardiogram depict?
What does the electrocardiogram depict?
Why can't plateau or SA node action potentials be seen on EKG?
Why can't plateau or SA node action potentials be seen on EKG?
The action potentials of SA node cells are substantial, but they are occurring in too small a population of cells to show on the EKG.
The action potentials of SA node cells are substantial, but they are occurring in too small a population of cells to show on the EKG.
What changes are occurring in the heart during the isovolumetric contraction phase?
What changes are occurring in the heart during the isovolumetric contraction phase?
What determines when the ventricular filling phase moves from passive to active stages?
What determines when the ventricular filling phase moves from passive to active stages?
What stage(s) of the cardiac cycle occurs during the segment between QRS and T waves?
What stage(s) of the cardiac cycle occurs during the segment between QRS and T waves?
What stage(s) of the cardiac cycle occurs during the segment between P and QRS waves?
What stage(s) of the cardiac cycle occurs during the segment between P and QRS waves?
What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?
What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?
What is "total cross sectional area" as it applies to blood vessels, and what is the significance of total cross sectional area?
What is "total cross sectional area" as it applies to blood vessels, and what is the significance of total cross sectional area?
How is flow different from velocity?
How is flow different from velocity?
Identify the 4 major factors that contribute to blood pressure.
Identify the 4 major factors that contribute to blood pressure.
What explains the reason that blood pressure declines with distance from the heart?
What explains the reason that blood pressure declines with distance from the heart?
Why do we bother regulating our blood pressure?
Why do we bother regulating our blood pressure?
What are the targets of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of blood pressure?
What are the targets of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of blood pressure?
During the valsalva maneuver, increasing intrathoracic pressure diminishes blood flow to the heart. Why?
During the valsalva maneuver, increasing intrathoracic pressure diminishes blood flow to the heart. Why?
What is the purpose of the intra pleural space? Why not just have the lungs connected to the thoracic wall directly?
What is the purpose of the intra pleural space? Why not just have the lungs connected to the thoracic wall directly?
If the compliance of the lungs were to decrease, as with age or disease, the lungs would resist enlargement when the thorax enlarges. How can this limitation be overcome if a person requires 500 ml per breath at rest?
If the compliance of the lungs were to decrease, as with age or disease, the lungs would resist enlargement when the thorax enlarges. How can this limitation be overcome if a person requires 500 ml per breath at rest?
How does bronchodilator affect flow of air, and how does the body make this happen in a fight or flight scenario?
How does bronchodilator affect flow of air, and how does the body make this happen in a fight or flight scenario?
A portion of fluid leaks from blood vessels, forming interstitial fluid. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid, becoming lymph. They also absorb dietary fats in the small intestine; (lacteals). What is the relationship between the Lymphatic System and interstitial fluid?
A portion of fluid leaks from blood vessels, forming interstitial fluid. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid, becoming lymph. They also absorb dietary fats in the small intestine; (lacteals). What is the relationship between the Lymphatic System and interstitial fluid?
Afferent vessels bring lymph into lymph nodes; efferent vessels carry it out. What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
Afferent vessels bring lymph into lymph nodes; efferent vessels carry it out. What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
What is the role of the three lines of defense in the immune system?
What is the role of the three lines of defense in the immune system?
Explain the purpose and actions of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells, and NK cells in the immune system.
Explain the purpose and actions of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells, and NK cells in the immune system.
Flashcards
What is the main function of blood?
What is the main function of blood?
The primary function of blood is to transport substances throughout the body, including gases, nutrients, waste products, ions, chemical messengers, and heat.
What is hydrostatic pressure in relation to blood?
What is hydrostatic pressure in relation to blood?
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid against the walls of its container. Blood's hydrostatic pressure drives its movement through the circulatory system.
What type of tissue is blood?
What type of tissue is blood?
Blood is classified as a connective tissue because it consists of cells (formed elements) embedded in an extracellular matrix (plasma).
How are blood components separated?
How are blood components separated?
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What is plasma?
What is plasma?
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What are formed elements?
What are formed elements?
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What is the function of red blood cells?
What is the function of red blood cells?
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What is hemoglobin, and what is its function?
What is hemoglobin, and what is its function?
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What are the different forms of hemoglobin, and how do they differ?
What are the different forms of hemoglobin, and how do they differ?
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What is hematopoiesis?
What is hematopoiesis?
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What is red bone marrow?
What is red bone marrow?
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What is yellow bone marrow?
What is yellow bone marrow?
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What is the function of white blood cells?
What is the function of white blood cells?
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What are granulocytes?
What are granulocytes?
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What are neutrophils, and what is their function?
What are neutrophils, and what is their function?
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What are eosinophils, and what is their function?
What are eosinophils, and what is their function?
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What are basophils, and what is their function?
What are basophils, and what is their function?
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What are agranulocytes?
What are agranulocytes?
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What are platelets, and what is their function?
What are platelets, and what is their function?
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What is hematocrit?
What is hematocrit?
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What is serum?
What is serum?
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What is fibrinogen, and what happens to it during blood clotting?
What is fibrinogen, and what happens to it during blood clotting?
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What is the shape of red blood cells?
What is the shape of red blood cells?
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What is the main protein found in red blood cells?
What is the main protein found in red blood cells?
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Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing bacteria?
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing bacteria?
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Which white blood cell is involved in fighting parasitic worms and allergies?
Which white blood cell is involved in fighting parasitic worms and allergies?
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Which organ removes old red blood cells?
Which organ removes old red blood cells?
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What is bilirubin, and what happens to it?
What is bilirubin, and what happens to it?
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Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies?
Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies?
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What is the primary function of platelets?
What is the primary function of platelets?
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What is the precursor cell for platelets?
What is the precursor cell for platelets?
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Which white blood cell releases toxic substances to kill bacteria?
Which white blood cell releases toxic substances to kill bacteria?
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What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
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What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?
What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?
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What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?
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Study Notes
Blood and Plasma Functions
- Blood distributes gases, nutrients, wastes, ions, chemical messengers, and heat throughout the body.
- Hydrostatic pressure differences drive blood movement.
- Blood is a connective tissue, with cellular (formed elements) and extracellular (plasma) components.
- Centrifugation separates blood by density, separating plasma, buffy coat (platelets and leukocytes), and erythrocytes.
Blood Plasma Components
- Water: Major component of plasma
- Electrolytes: Essential for maintaining fluid balance and nerve/muscle function
- Hormones: Chemical messengers for various bodily functions
- Gases: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
- Nutrients & Wastes: Various molecules essential for bodily functions and waste products
- Proteins: Albumin, globulins, transport proteins (e.g., for hormones or lipids), and fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting)
Formed Elements
- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Involved in immune response (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen, contain hemoglobin.
- Platelets: Crucial for blood clotting.
Blood Classification of Tissue
- Blood is classified as a connective tissue.
Blood Analysis Method
- Centrifugation is used for separating blood elements for analysis (Plasma, buffy coat - platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes)
Summary of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
- They contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen.
- Common variations of hemoglobin include oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and carbaminohemoglobin
- Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, occurring in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells.
- Erythrocytes have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.
- The main protein found in red blood cells is hemoglobin.
Functions of Platelets
- Essential for blood clotting.
Summary of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Leukocytes are involved in defensive functions of the body that help combat infections.
- Some examples of white blood cells are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Role of Specific White Blood Cells
- Neutrophils: Engulf bacteria and other substances.
- Eosinophils: Respond to parasitic worm infections and allergies.
- Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies.
- Basophils: Involved in allergic reactions.
- Monocytes: Develop into macrophages that engulf pathogens.
Additional Information
- The liver is responsible for removing weakened red blood cells.
- Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that is excreted rom the body.
- The spleen filters blood to remove pathogens and damaged blood cells.
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