Blood and Fluid Management in Healthcare

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

The force exerted by water molecules against a semi-permeable membrane, caused by the concentration of dissolved solutes.

The pressure exerted by proteins within the blood vessels, attracting water into the circulatory system.

The pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. This pressure helps move fluids out of capillaries into the tissue.

A solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell, causing water to move into the cell.

A solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell, causing water to move out of the cell.

Fluids and electrolytes that are typically found in the body, given intravenously to replenish fluids and electrolytes.

IV fluids administered rapidly to quickly restore circulating volume, often used in cases of shock or severe dehydration.

Fluid administered at a slow, constant rate to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.

The rule used to calculate the amount of fluids needed for maintenance in an adult patient.

A fluid administered to quickly expand plasma volume, often in cases of hemorrhage or shock.

The concentration of sodium in a solution compared to the concentration of sodium in the blood.

Fluid solutions containing electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium, designed to replace fluid and electrolyte losses and maintain hydration.

A type of crystalloid solution containing a higher concentration of sodium chloride (salt) than normal plasma. This can lead to a buildup of chloride in the body, potentially causing an acid-base imbalance.

A type of crystalloid solution containing a lower concentration of sodium chloride (salt) compared to normal saline. It's more 'physiologically' similar to plasma.

A type of crystalloid solution containing a higher concentration of sodium chloride (salt) than normal saline. It's used to quickly increase blood pressure and volume, but can also be used to correct metabolic acidosis.

A type of crystalloid solution containing sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and lactate. The lactate is a buffer that helps maintain a proper pH balance in the body.

A type of crystalloid solution containing dextrose, a simple sugar, that provides calories and helps maintain blood sugar levels. It's often used to treat dehydration and provide supplementary calories, but it's not a resuscitation fluid.

A type of crystalloid solution containing both dextrose and sodium chloride. It's commonly used for maintenance fluids and to help replenish electrolytes.

The amount of fluid circulating within the blood vessels.

The total amount of fluid within the body, including blood, tissues, and organs.

A solution with higher solute concentration than the inside of a cell, drawing water out of it.

A solution with a sodium concentration 3-5 times higher than normal saline, drawing more fluid into the vascular space.

When a patient has very low blood pressure due to gastrointestinal illness, the medical professional evaluates the physical exam, medical history, and incident history to decide the right fluids and volume for treatment.

Albumin, a protein solution, stays within blood vessels and can draw fluid from surrounding tissues.

Albumin does not have electrolytes and has a slightly basic pH.

Albumin requires transfusion consent since it's considered a blood product.

A 5% Albumin solution is isotonic and leads to an 80% volume increase, while a 25% solution is hypertonic and increases volume by 200-400%.

Albumin can pull extravascular fluid into the circulatory space, helping to replace lost volume.

Albumin should be used cautiously in patients with heart failure, volume overload, and renal disease due to the potential for interstitial leakage and complications.

Albumin does not carry oxygen. It primarily helps to restore blood volume.

Packed red blood cells (PRBC) are a type of blood product that primarily contains red blood cells and a small amount of plasma. They are used to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood in patients with anemia or other conditions.

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is a blood product that contains all the clotting factors, as well as albumin, and fibrinogen. It is used to treat bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia, and to replace clotting factors that have been depleted during surgery or trauma.

Platelets are blood cells that help the blood to clot. Platelet concentrates are used to treat patients with low platelet counts, such as those who have undergone chemotherapy or who have certain types of leukemia.

Cryoprecipitate is a blood product that contains clotting factors, including fibrinogen, factor VIII, factor XIII, and von Willebrand factor. It is used to treat patients with congenital or acquired bleeding disorders.

Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) are a mixture of clotting factors that are used to treat bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia. PCCs are also used to reverse the effects of certain medications, such as warfarin.