Blood and Circulation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the four main components of blood?

  • Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and lymph
  • Plasma, white blood cells, platelets, and lymph
  • Plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and lymph
  • Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (correct)

The heart has two sides, the right side pumps oxygenated blood and left side pumps deoxygenated blood.

False (B)

What are the four chambers of the heart?

  • One atrium and two ventricles
  • One atrium and one ventricle
  • Two atria and two ventricles (correct)
  • Two atria and one ventricle

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood, ensuring it flows in one direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously called?

<p>Blood transfusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

<p>O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal receiver?

<p>AB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the immune system provides immunity against future infections.

<p>The immune system can recognize and remember pathogens, providing immunity against future infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines contain weakened or inactive pathogens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies without causing disease.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics are effective against both bacterial and viral infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three essential aspects of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases?

<p>Good hygiene practices, vaccination, and the use of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of disease?

<p>Disease occurs when something in the body does not function properly or when a foreign substance or organism enters the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease?

<p>Symptoms are subjective while signs are objective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity refers to components of the immune system that are present from birth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive immunity adapts based on previous experiences with pathogens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are lines of defense against pathogens?

<p>Barriers, phagocytes, and lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a phagocyte?

<p>Cells that attack and eliminate invaded pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are dendritic cells?

<p>A type of phagocyte that displays parts of pathogens (antigens) on their membranes for presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a macrophage?

<p>Phagocytes that patrol tissues and eliminate pathogens; can be controlled by lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a neutrophil?

<p>Phagocytes that kill pathogens, often sacrificing themselves in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is a reaction from tissue in response to signaling molecules, indicating an immune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of pathogens?

<p>Bacteria, viruses, and fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pathogens enter the body?

<p>They can enter the body through the respiratory system, skin, and contaminated food or water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are single-celled organisms without a nucleus that reproduce by multiplication.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi are organisms similar to plants but have no chlorophyll.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are intracellular parasites that replicate by stealing enzymes from host cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mechanical barriers?

<p>Physical blockages that prevent pathogens from entering the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic system functions as the body's sewage system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lymphatic nodes?

<p>They screen and filter lymph fluid, removing pathogens and activating the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are antigens?

<p>Small parts derived from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytes present antigens on their surface after disassembly, referred to as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign antigens originate from the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self antigens originate from the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adaptive immune system can distinguish between foreign and self antigens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are T- and B-Lymphocytes?

<p>They are trained to recognize only one specific antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

New T- and B-lymphocytes are continuously created to recognize different antigens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only the T-cell that recognizes the antigen presented by the dendritic cell becomes active.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of T-cells?

<p>They can activate B-cells and re-activate macrophages, enhancing their pathogen-killing capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are Y-shaped and antigen-specific.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antibodies?

<p>They neutralize pathogens by preventing their movement and interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are memory cells?

<p>A small portion of activated B- and T-cells remain as memory cells after the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory B-cells?

<p>They produce low amounts of antibodies upon re-exposure to the same antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma

The liquid component of blood, containing water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body using hemoglobin.

White Blood Cells

White blood cells are part of the immune system and protect the body from infection.

Platelets

Platelets are tiny cells that help with blood clotting to stop bleeding.

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Heart

The organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing gas and nutrient exchange.

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Right Side of the Heart

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

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Left Side of the Heart

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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Atria

The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

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Ventricles

The lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out.

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Heart Valves

These prevent backflow of blood, ensuring blood flows in one direction.

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Pacemaker Cells

A group of specialized cells in the right atrium that control the heart's rhythm.

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Blood Pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Blood Transfusion

A process where blood is transferred into a person's bloodstream intravenously.

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Blood Type

A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on red blood cells.

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Universal Donor

Blood type O can donate to all types because it has no antigens.

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Universal Receiver

Blood type AB can receive from all types because it has no antibodies.

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Immune System

The body's system of defense against pathogens.

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Physical Barriers

Physical barriers like skin that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

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Immune Cells

Immune cells like white blood cells that attack and eliminate pathogens.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and neutralize pathogens.

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Innate Immunity

A type of immunity that is present from birth.

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Adaptive Immunity

A type of immunity that develops in response to exposure to pathogens.

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Phagocytes

Cells that ingest and eliminate pathogens.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells that mature in the bone marrow and play a role in adaptive immunity.

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Dendritic Cells

A type of phagocyte that presents antigens to lymphocytes.

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Macrophages

Phagocytes that patrol tissues and eliminate pathogens.

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Neutrophils

Phagocytes that kill bacteria, often sacrificing themselves in the process.

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Inflammation

A localized reaction in response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

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Pathogens

Microscopic organisms that can cause disease.

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Study Notes

Blood and Circulation

  • Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
  • Red blood cells transport oxygen via hemoglobin.
  • White blood cells are part of the immune response.
  • Platelets are crucial for blood clotting.
  • The circulatory system includes arteries (blood away from the heart), veins (blood to the heart), and capillaries (gas and nutrient exchange).
  • The heart has two sides: right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs; left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
  • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
  • Valves prevent backflow of blood.
  • Electrical impulses from pacemaker cells control the heart's pumping action.
  • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on vessel walls, affected by activity and emotions.
  • High blood pressure can cause heart disease and strokes.
  • Blood transfusions are necessary when significant blood is lost.
  • Blood types (A, B, AB, O) require compatibility for transfusions; type O is the universal donor; type AB is the universal recipient

Disease and Immunity

  • The body has defense mechanisms against pathogens (e.g., skin, immune cells, antibodies).
  • Vaccination introduces weakened pathogens to stimulate immunity.
  • Antibiotics target bacterial infections but can't treat viruses.
  • Antibiotics overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance.
  • Disease occurs when the body malfunctions or a foreign entity enters.
  • Symptoms are patient-perceived manifestations, while signs are physician-observed.
  • Innate immunity is present from birth, while adaptive immunity adapts to prior experiences.
  • The immune system has lines of defense (barriers, phagocytes, lymphocytes).
  • Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi) can cause disease via respiratory system, skin, and contaminated food/water.

Pathogens, Inflammation and Barriers

  • Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms.
  • Inflammation is an immune reaction to signaling molecules.
  • Pathogens enter through respiratory system, skin or contaminated food/water.
  • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that reproduce by multiplication.
  • Fungi are organisms similar to plants, often linked with poor hygiene.
  • Viruses are intracellular parasites that utilize host cells for replication (lacking cell walls and nuclei).
  • Mechanical barriers (physical) and chemical barriers (antimicrobial molecules) prevent pathogen entry.
  • The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the immune response (lymph vessels, nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus).

Lymphocyte Functionality and Antibodies

  • The adaptive immune system differentiates between foreign and self antigens.
  • T- and B-lymphocytes recognize specific antigens.
  • T-cells activate B cells and other immune cells.
  • B-cells produce antibodies specific to antigens.
  • Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that neutralize pathogens.
  • Memory cells (B and T) remain after infection, enhancing future immune responses.

Cellular Components of the Immune System

  • Dendritic cells present pathogen antigens.
  • Macrophages patrol tissues and eliminate pathogens.
  • Neutrophils kill pathogens, often sacrificing themselves in the process.

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